This paper attempts to explain some of the salient piping activities
(along with their sequence) and interaction with other disciplines
during detail engineering. Piping Engineers and Designers may find some
of it too rudimentary. This is deliberate. The constraints have not been
touched upon. Moreover, any single write-up based on a typical job
cannot do justice to vast number of activities that a piping team performs.
1. Development of Equipment Layout:
This is arguably the most challenging single activity because almost all
input except Process P&IDs and Engineering Design Basis is fluid. The
challenge involves creativity, ability to draw upon experience of
similar jobs, provisioning for unexpected changes and resolving often
conflicting requirements. The major inputs and points considered are:
a. Plot Plan with clear demarcation of Units
b. Process P&IDs and PFDs (Utility Distribution P&IDs are received later
because these are based on equipment layout).
c. Indicative Layout, if available (normally for Licensor Units)
d. Engineering Design Basis
e. Statutory Requirements
f. Tentative Dimensions of Equipments/ Packages
g. Connectivity and Access for Maintenance and Erection
h. Critical Piping Circuits e.g. Transfer Lines and Reboiler Lines
i. Aesthetics
The equipment layout thus prepared is sent to almost all major
disciplines and Client for their comments. These comments are then
consolidated and the conflicting ones are discussed across the table.
The layout is now ready for dissection by core group of senior piping
people, and this experience of being grilled and cross-examined is a
ritual that signifies coming of age of a piping engineer. Changes which
affect others are once again taken up with respective disciplines. This
layout is then put up for Apex Review. The approved version is the basis
for further engineering by Piping and many other disciplines e.g.:
Structures: for Foundations and Super-structures
Instrumentation: for Cable Routing
Electrical: for Area Classification and Trench Routing
General Civil: for Pavement Drawing
Process: for Development of Utility P&IDs
Construction: for Erection Planning, Hard Stand Arrangement, etc.
Cross-reference purpose by many e.g. an SED Engineer while preparing his
input for Mechanical Tender would need to refer to this Layout for Levels.
2.Zone/Area Division:
The approved Layout is divided into areas (Area Division). While the old
concept of an area was what an A0 size drawing could cover in a
particular scale (and this concept has its merits), the trend in this
era of 3-D Modelling has shifted to zones. A particular zone covers
synergic specific areas e.g. a particular Tech Structure would be
covered in a single zone instead of three or four areas. Similarly, one
may find the whole pipe-rack of a medium sized unit carved in two zones
instead of eight to ten areas. Once this division is over, specific
area/zone wise responsibilities are assigned for Studies, Modelling, MTO
and Flexibilty Analysis. This is also the time when team formation takes
place.
3.Piping Studies:
The adage that piping study is ‘half science and half art’ is true. The
art part is visualization and creativity while science refers to
following the established norms; however, what is forgotten is that a
piping study involves lot of dedication, risk-taking ability and
discipline. A piping designer is at work 24 hours. A good scheme,
solution or an alternate striking at midnight is not uncommon, something
akin to Archemides and Eureka! Many a times the designer would also have
to release fronts for downstream users even when the input is still
coming and then he must constantly be on the vigil for changes in input.
A good designer knows not only how he is affected by others but also how
his work affects others. By-products of a piping study are:
a. Confirmation/comments on Structural Foundations and Super-structures
(this also involves additional associated information e.g. openings,
brackets, loads, bracings, approach, etc).
b. Confirmation/Comments on Locating Dimensions (including Centre-line
and Bottom Tangent Line Elevations) of Equipments.
c. Miscellaneous platforms – connecting ones (including walkways),
independent ones and the ones required on equipments (the latter enables
Istructures to release platform cleats).
d. Comments on Setting Plans of Exchangers – identification of fixed
support, saddle-to-saddle distance, orientation of davits, pipe clips,
piping loads on nozzles, etc.
e. Comments on Air-cooler Setting Plans
f. Comments on Mechanical Datasheets – identification of fixed support,
davit arm length and height, pipe clips.
g. Nozzle Orientation of Columns and Vessels
h. Comments on Compressor and Pump Drawings
i. Firming-up of interface for packages e.g. for Dosing Skids, Heaters
(Burner Piping), Chillers, Ejector Systems, etc.
j. Firming-up of route of Instruments Cable Trays, Electrical Trenches, Fire-water system
k. Battery-limit interface
l. Front for 3-D Modelling (recently, some of the simpler layouts are directly being attempted on 3-D)
m. Preliminary and part of Intermediate MTO
n. Front for Flexibility Analysis
4.Piping MTO:
Material Take-off is usually done in three stages (Preliminary,
Intermediate and Final), followed by Top-up, if required. The time-line
typically is beginning of the project (just after issue of Equipment
Layout), middle of the project (around 50-60% piping progress) and
towards final stages of engineering (over 90% piping progress). The
first one is a total manual affair and the emphasis is on long delivery
items. For intermediate MTO, material dump is taken from Model and the
balance is made up manually, while the final MTO is almost totally taken
from Model. Material substitution is also used to the extent possible in
order to control surplus generation. Relative merits and constraints of
roll-on MTO vis-à-vis the conventional mode have been discussed within
and outside the department, and are still a matter of debate.
An integrated state-of-art software called IPMS has been developed
in-house (by ITS with active help from user departments) and this caters
to MTO Processing and almost all related downstream activities e.g.
Material Requisitions, Preparation of TBAs, Purchase Requisitions and
Material Control Functions right up to issue of material and maintaining
records at site. (In fact, IPMS also caters to some of the upstream
activities e.g. preparation of PMS and VMS).
MTO is followed by preparation of Material Requisitions, evaluation of
offers and issue of Purchase Requisitions. Hardcopies days are over, and
the new interface is through PDF files in a CD. Some Piping MRs involve
input from other departments (e.g. from Electrical for MOVs); in this
case, Piping acts as a coordinator too. For some items e.g. special
valves, expansion joints, etc., vendor drawings are received, commented
upon and approved.
5.Mechanical Tender:
The intermediate MTO (some times even the preliminary one) forms the
basis for piping part of Schedule of Quantities. While most of it has
been automated through the IPMS Package, some special requirements have
to be fed in manually. The other departments that piping receives input
from are Static Equipment (including Heat Exchangers), Rotating
Equipment, Package Equipment, Civil/Structures, Instrumentation, etc.
Again, all exchange within EIL and with potential contractors is through
soft files only. The related activities involve answering to vendors’
queries, attending pre-bid conference and evaluation of offers
(preparation of TBA).
6.3-D Model:
The two popular platforms are PDS and PDMS and lot of customization and
efforts have gone into reaching the stage that we are at. While for most
of the jobs, Piping and Structures have been the only ones involved,
Instrumentation and Electrical have also been attached in few jobs.
Apart from modeling Lines, Piping also models equipments. At present,
Structure is being modeled to facilitate clash detection and review of
model (this means that structural deliverables are not being taken from
3-D) and the P&IDs are not yet available on these systems in EIL.
Modelling does initially take more time but the rewards are generous:
a. Excellent Visualization
b. Detection of Clash
c. Isometric and GAD generation from Model
d. Correct MTO
e. Client Review from Operability and Maintenance point of view
f. Preservation of Model and Records for future
7.Flexibilty Analysis and Supporting:
The circuits are taken up for analysis in order of criticality i.e. the
critical the circuit, the earlier it is taken up. Criticality is a
function, among other things, of size/ temperature of line and
sensitivity of connected equipment. Other considerations like two phase
flow, wind and seismic requirements too play a part.
The tools most often used for formal analysis are Caesar, AutoPipe and
oodles of supporting sense. In fact, a good designer anticipates the
needs of stress and support engineer and saves lot of hours and
rerouting by interacting with the latter at right time. It is important
too for continuous dialogue between Piping team members and their
structural counterpart for supporting arrangement and loads.
8.Other activities:
There are many other activities that a piping engineer undertakes but
which could not be touched upon (due to paucity of time and space):
a. Interaction with Process Licensor including review of P&IDs
b. Preparation of Piping Design Basis
c. Manhour Estimates, Scheduling and Progress Reporting
d. Piping Material and Valve Material Specifications
e. Ensuring compliance with Procedures, Work-instructions and Check-lists
f. Under-ground Piping
g. IBR Package
h. Painting and Insulation Tender
i. Input to other Tenders e.g. Civil/Structural Tender
j. Arranging 3-D Model Review by Client/PMC
k. Issue of Design Change Requests/Notes and Manhour Change Orders
l. Input for Package Units and Review of Documents/Drawings of Package
Vendors
m. Record keeping and importance of Document Control e.g. maintaining indices
n. Site interface and support/co-ordination
o. Trouble shooting
p. Revamp Jobs
q. Standardization (e.g. Updation of Specifications, Technical Notes,
databank for Deviations granted, ensuring latest supply of Codes and
Standards, Technical Evaluation of New Vendors, etc.)
r. Managing a team of twenty to thirty people, keeping them motivated and
making them feel important
s. Interacting with almost all major disciplines and resolving input
conflicts
Summing Up
Piping in a plant has often been compared to arteries in human body. The
connectivity, and hence the coordination, done by a piping engineer is
enormous. In fact, there would hardly be a department not having
interface with piping. This can also be gauged from the fact piping
consumes almost half the engineering manhours of setting up of a typical
refinery, petrochemical or gas unit. Appreciation of piping sequence of
work by others and knowing how & where do their inputs fit in shall
result in better quality deliverables.
Sources :
Piping Design – An Introduction for Non - Piping Engineers
by Mahavir Prasad (EIL) in www.pipingdesign.com
Tuesday, October 19, 2010
Tuesday, October 12, 2010
SCOPE OF WORK OF PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING IN FEED DESIGN
IPIPING SCOPE OF WORK
During we have to design a new project that collabration with others disciplines (mechanical, civil, process, control system, electrical), we should prepare scope of work. each descipline have to prepare the scope of work.
Here I got a sample about scope of work piping when do the new project, that the name of project is "Installation a new gas pipeline"
3.2.1. SCOPE OF FACILITIES (SOF)
3.2.1.1. Design Basis
The following is the description of the Piping Engineering design basis for the installation of a 6” underground gas pipeline from ....... to.......The project is ensure sufficient and suitable gas supply to Area at least the
next 15 years. This is to be done by tapping in to the 28” pipeline and running a new line to the new area
This facility is located in ....
• The decline in the gas supply from gas field means that an additional gas supply is required to maintain optimum power output from ...
• To handle the above condition, the Owner intends to install the new gas lines. The 6” diameter pipeline stretching from tie-in point at 28” diameter gas pipeline will be installed from
• The new gas lines will be installed underground with minimum depth of cover of 1 meter.
• Coating protection for new gas pipeline in above ground as per Client specification
• Layout of equipment and piping design will be in accordance with engineering and design standards.
• Connections to existing lines/facilities will be per Client Piping Tie-in Specification.
• The FEED drawings and any Client supplied addendum form the basis of the design and will be used as a start point for the detailed engineering stage.
2. Equipment and Systems
• The new gas pipeline Project involves the following Equipment. :
Sump Tanks(Waste Tank)
Filters
Pig Launchers
Pig Receivers
Metering Skid
• Piping Material and method of Construction will be accordance with Client Specification
• Prevailing ASME B31.8 codes will govern design of piping.
3. Assumptions and Clarifications
The following Piping engineering assumptions, clarifications and exclusions are associated with the facilities physical and functional description.
• The new 6” diameter pipeline from ....to ...shall be on the opposite side of the road and parallel to the
existing diameter pipeline.
• Cathodic protection is required to minimize pipe corrosion
• The FEED drawings have been approved by the client and will be developed up to AFC status.
• Shutdown of the Plant should be avoided if possible.
2.2. SCOPE OF SERVICES (SOS)
2.2.1. Design Approach
The following design approach outlines the engineering design services, and engineering support services by piping team
• Generate detailed manhour estimate, deliverable list & project schedule.
• Review and evaluate the feed drawings. And Provide engineering recommendation if necessary.
• Develop 2D Preliminary drawings/ sketches for the proposed new piping.
Client review and approval is required prior to start of detailed design.
• Develop 2D AFC drawings/ sketches for the new location of gas pipelines.
• Develop piping layout and perform piping stress analysis using Caesar II Software
• Generate AFC piping layout drawings also any piping plans, section and details that may be required.
• Provide an Initial Material Take off (MTO) for all piping items the gas pipeline project, at the completion of 30% engineering. Final MTO
• Conduct and participate in client study/ reviews regarding constructability, safety, cost savings, inter discipline interface and design integration with existing systems.
3.2.2.2. References and Standards
Standard and reference documents to be used include but are not limited to:
• Safety-In-Design Manual
• Client Engineering Specification
• ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Codes
• NACE (National Association of Corrosion Engineers)
• ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) Codes
• AWS (American Welding Society Standard)
• ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
• API (American Petroleum Institute)
• All applicable Indonesian local codes
3.2.2.3. Special Resources
• Coordinate and elevations will reflect the new Client plant grid system and elevation datum.
• All as built drawings reflecting existing conditions of plant viz overall plot plan, unit plot plan, above and below ground piping, will be provided by client
3.2.2.4. Engineering Deliverables
The following Piping Engineering documents and other deliverables will be provided to the client during or at the end of the project deliverables to Client
- Stress Analysis Report
- Induction Bend List
- L/R Elbow List and Plan
- Final Drawings
- Tie – in List
- Plot Plan Drawings
- Piping Plan & Section
- On Plot Piping Plan and Section drawings
- Isometric Drawings for On Plot & Off Plot
- Bill of Materials / Bill of Quantities (MTO)
3.2.2.5. Inter Discipline Coordination
Piping group will communicate with the required disciplines for the preparation and coordination of the following items :
• Civil : Location of new 6”diameter Plan, Elevation, Pipe Foundation + Supports & Stress Calculation(Loads).
• Process : P&ID’s, Line list, Equipment list.
• Mechanical : Equipment (data sheet and specification) .
• Control System : P&ID development and HAZOP review, instrument standard Instrument vendor data sheet and drawings,
• Construction : Support function for design clarifications.
• Engineering Management: Schedules and progress reports.
3.2.2.6. Assumptions and Clarifications
The following Piping Engineering, assumptions and clarifications are associated with
the Scope of Services design approach, activities and deliverables.:
• Basis for scope and engineering man hour estimation are :
--- Work Authorization no (from clent)
--- Scope of work for detail engineering (from client)
• Site surveys will be conducted to collect inputs and verify accuracy of information received from Client and to identify the requirement of additional inputs from client.
• All work permits required to conduct field survey shall be coordinated & approved by Client
• Deliverables are limited to those outlined in the list of deliverables.
• Site modifications in drawings which include As-built & Site instructions from Client are all included to the scope of works.
• Any of the following shall be treated as change order :
o Additional activities due to scope change.
o Incorporating additional Client comments/preferences after approval of Document or Drawings.
o Delay in design inputs (ex. Process data, Client Standard drawings, Specs, Sketches, Reliability of Client provided information) which will cause a delay in the development of contractor deliverable and will impact schedule.
• Preliminary drawings will be to FEED quality, phase 4 deliverables will be suitable to issue for construction.
• Client will be responsible for the issues regarding with the Local Authorities.
That the Piping Design Engineering scope of work when design a new project from Client. Hopefully it can help you to get the meaning what piping engineering do when design a new project.
The piping engineer must work as a team with other engineers.
During we have to design a new project that collabration with others disciplines (mechanical, civil, process, control system, electrical), we should prepare scope of work. each descipline have to prepare the scope of work.
Here I got a sample about scope of work piping when do the new project, that the name of project is "Installation a new gas pipeline"
3.2.1. SCOPE OF FACILITIES (SOF)
3.2.1.1. Design Basis
The following is the description of the Piping Engineering design basis for the installation of a 6” underground gas pipeline from ....... to.......The project is ensure sufficient and suitable gas supply to Area at least the
next 15 years. This is to be done by tapping in to the 28” pipeline and running a new line to the new area
This facility is located in ....
• The decline in the gas supply from gas field means that an additional gas supply is required to maintain optimum power output from ...
• To handle the above condition, the Owner intends to install the new gas lines. The 6” diameter pipeline stretching from tie-in point at 28” diameter gas pipeline will be installed from
• The new gas lines will be installed underground with minimum depth of cover of 1 meter.
• Coating protection for new gas pipeline in above ground as per Client specification
• Layout of equipment and piping design will be in accordance with engineering and design standards.
• Connections to existing lines/facilities will be per Client Piping Tie-in Specification.
• The FEED drawings and any Client supplied addendum form the basis of the design and will be used as a start point for the detailed engineering stage.
2. Equipment and Systems
• The new gas pipeline Project involves the following Equipment. :
Sump Tanks(Waste Tank)
Filters
Pig Launchers
Pig Receivers
Metering Skid
• Piping Material and method of Construction will be accordance with Client Specification
• Prevailing ASME B31.8 codes will govern design of piping.
3. Assumptions and Clarifications
The following Piping engineering assumptions, clarifications and exclusions are associated with the facilities physical and functional description.
• The new 6” diameter pipeline from ....to ...shall be on the opposite side of the road and parallel to the
existing diameter pipeline.
• Cathodic protection is required to minimize pipe corrosion
• The FEED drawings have been approved by the client and will be developed up to AFC status.
• Shutdown of the Plant should be avoided if possible.
2.2. SCOPE OF SERVICES (SOS)
2.2.1. Design Approach
The following design approach outlines the engineering design services, and engineering support services by piping team
• Generate detailed manhour estimate, deliverable list & project schedule.
• Review and evaluate the feed drawings. And Provide engineering recommendation if necessary.
• Develop 2D Preliminary drawings/ sketches for the proposed new piping.
Client review and approval is required prior to start of detailed design.
• Develop 2D AFC drawings/ sketches for the new location of gas pipelines.
• Develop piping layout and perform piping stress analysis using Caesar II Software
• Generate AFC piping layout drawings also any piping plans, section and details that may be required.
• Provide an Initial Material Take off (MTO) for all piping items the gas pipeline project, at the completion of 30% engineering. Final MTO
• Conduct and participate in client study/ reviews regarding constructability, safety, cost savings, inter discipline interface and design integration with existing systems.
3.2.2.2. References and Standards
Standard and reference documents to be used include but are not limited to:
• Safety-In-Design Manual
• Client Engineering Specification
• ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Codes
• NACE (National Association of Corrosion Engineers)
• ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) Codes
• AWS (American Welding Society Standard)
• ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
• API (American Petroleum Institute)
• All applicable Indonesian local codes
3.2.2.3. Special Resources
• Coordinate and elevations will reflect the new Client plant grid system and elevation datum.
• All as built drawings reflecting existing conditions of plant viz overall plot plan, unit plot plan, above and below ground piping, will be provided by client
3.2.2.4. Engineering Deliverables
The following Piping Engineering documents and other deliverables will be provided to the client during or at the end of the project deliverables to Client
- Stress Analysis Report
- Induction Bend List
- L/R Elbow List and Plan
- Final Drawings
- Tie – in List
- Plot Plan Drawings
- Piping Plan & Section
- On Plot Piping Plan and Section drawings
- Isometric Drawings for On Plot & Off Plot
- Bill of Materials / Bill of Quantities (MTO)
3.2.2.5. Inter Discipline Coordination
Piping group will communicate with the required disciplines for the preparation and coordination of the following items :
• Civil : Location of new 6”diameter Plan, Elevation, Pipe Foundation + Supports & Stress Calculation(Loads).
• Process : P&ID’s, Line list, Equipment list.
• Mechanical : Equipment (data sheet and specification) .
• Control System : P&ID development and HAZOP review, instrument standard Instrument vendor data sheet and drawings,
• Construction : Support function for design clarifications.
• Engineering Management: Schedules and progress reports.
3.2.2.6. Assumptions and Clarifications
The following Piping Engineering, assumptions and clarifications are associated with
the Scope of Services design approach, activities and deliverables.:
• Basis for scope and engineering man hour estimation are :
--- Work Authorization no (from clent)
--- Scope of work for detail engineering (from client)
• Site surveys will be conducted to collect inputs and verify accuracy of information received from Client and to identify the requirement of additional inputs from client.
• All work permits required to conduct field survey shall be coordinated & approved by Client
• Deliverables are limited to those outlined in the list of deliverables.
• Site modifications in drawings which include As-built & Site instructions from Client are all included to the scope of works.
• Any of the following shall be treated as change order :
o Additional activities due to scope change.
o Incorporating additional Client comments/preferences after approval of Document or Drawings.
o Delay in design inputs (ex. Process data, Client Standard drawings, Specs, Sketches, Reliability of Client provided information) which will cause a delay in the development of contractor deliverable and will impact schedule.
• Preliminary drawings will be to FEED quality, phase 4 deliverables will be suitable to issue for construction.
• Client will be responsible for the issues regarding with the Local Authorities.
That the Piping Design Engineering scope of work when design a new project from Client. Hopefully it can help you to get the meaning what piping engineering do when design a new project.
The piping engineer must work as a team with other engineers.
STANDARD MATERIALS THAT USE FOR PLUMBING SYSTEM
STANDARDS
Standards are sets of rules that outline specification of dimensions, design of operation, materials and performance, or describe quality of materials, products or systems. These standards should cover the performance expectations of the product for particular applications, as well as, in the case of drinking-water contact, the chemicals that may be leached from the product into the water. The intent of standards is to provide at least minimum quality, safety or performance specifications so as to ensure relatively uniform products and performance, and to remove ambiguity as to the suitability of certain commercial products for particular applications. They reduce the risk of error by installers, and also provide assurance to the plumbing system owners. Standards also provide direction to manufacturers in respect to the expectations of the products that they produce. Internationally accepted standards provide economies to both the manufacturer and the user by reducing the number of products of the same type that must be produced. Standards may be developed by industry, non-profit organizations or trade associations, as well as national or international bodies. The existence of credible standards and certifiers relieves the regulatory authority of the need to develop its own case-by-case standards and product assessment system.
The existence of a standard does not always ensure that all available products meet a specific standard. In order to be confident of uniformity in a product there must be checks and balances. This is accomplished by assessment conformity. Assessment conformity, product listing and certification all have the same meaning. Simply stated, it means that a product, material or device has been tested and verified to meet the specification that has been developed. There are at least three types of certification: where the manufacturer or seller self-certifies and guarantees the product by warranty or contract; where the manufacturer or seller obtains verification by a contract laboratory; or where the specific commercial product (not just the class of product) has been evaluated by a credible independent third-party testing or certifying organization that is in no way related to or a part of the manufacturer or seller, and which has a system for policing the validity of its certifications.
Assessment conformity, by any name, means that a product, service, material, system, device or component has undergone testing to ensure it meets theintended standard for such product, material, system, device or component. There are several organizations that perform assessment conformity and, in most cases, if a specific product, material, system, device or component meets a designated standard, the testing organization may allow placement of a mark or logo of the organization on the product, material, system, device or component to certify that the relevant standard was successfully met.
PRODUCT AND MATERIAL USING N PLUMBING
10.2.1 Standards for plumbing products and materials
The durability of a plumbing system is dependent on the quality of its component parts and the assembly skills of those who install it. No plumbing system, however well designed, can be expected to operate safely or hygienically if the products or materials used are unsatisfactory. The inverse is also true – if the best-quality products or materials are used but are installed incorrectly, the system will be a failure.
Most industrialized countries have national standards or codes that set out the minimum requirements for the material specifications, design and use of specific plumbing products. However, plumbing codes of practice vary considerably according to the extent to which they specify the detailed standards for plumbing products and other matters. Some countries take the view that the level of detail should be minimized, whereas others are very prescriptive. However, even prescriptive codes should allow for the introduction and innovative use of promising new products, materials and installation practices without undue delay. Countries that are members of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) may choose to adopt the ISO framework as a minimum standard set for plumbing products and materials. WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality should be used as reference in decisions concerning health-related matters. Several national and international standards and certifying organizations utilize and expand upon those basic principles by identifying specific products that comply. It is important to ensure that commonly used plumbing products and materials are of the same type, at least throughout a country, to take advantage of economies of scale in manufacturing and to ensure easy accessibility.
The process of certification of quality of plumbing products may necessitate the setting up of testing establishments where products can be assessed. In many cases it will be more economical to simply adopt an existing qualified standards and certification programme that already has international acceptance. This will also avoid unnecessary proliferation of standards. Product certifiers and their testing facilities must be of the highest standard and subject to external auditing.
The application of suitable materials and products must be supported by adequate levels of training of plumbers who use them so that they can identify and use only appropriate products.
10.2.2 Selecting suitable products
Numerous standards and certification bodies exist nationally and internationally, so it may not be necessary for a country to develop a unique set of standards. It could decide to adopt one of the existing systems and require that products are certified to meet that system’s requirements. In judging a product or material, the regulating authority (or certifier) must consider factors such as the following:
• Is the product or material under consideration suitable for the application or purpose?
• Will it be harmful to the health of the community in its normal use?
• Is there a risk of these materials being released into the environment (e.g. the water) in the first instance or after the working life of the product or material has expired?
All pipes, valves, taps and other fittings used for the supply of drinking-water or the removal of wastewater must not contain harmful substances above the specified amount that could leach into the water. Lead, cadmium and arsenic are examples of many possible contaminants that could be present. The pipes, valves, taps and other fittings must be capable of conveying water at a nominated pressure within a prescribed environment, and must be of sufficient strength to contain anticipated internal pressures. They must also be able to withstand external pressures if they are to be buried. The impact of environmental factors such as heat, cold, expansion, contraction, corrosion, pH and bacteria levels also need to be considered.
WHO and many national authorities have developed guidelines or standards that set out the maximum acceptable levels of metals and chemicals and other contaminants in public drinking-water supplies (WHO 2004a). These are then converted to apply to contaminants that may leach from the fixtures and the associated network of piping systems. For example, a pipe standard might require that the leaching level of a heavy metal must not exceed 10% of the drinking-water standard based upon a standard test that simulates use and exposure conditions. Some authorities also insist that piping systems for soil and waste-water drainage systems comply with the same material criteria. Manufacturers in these areas are obliged to comply or risk losing market share or perhaps face prosecution. The standards set for materials in contact with drinking-water are minimum requirements and are based upon a specified use condition range; for example, a product suitable for a cold water system will, in most cases, not be acceptable for a hot water system. It is common for piping and construction materials, as well as the water being conveyed, to be seriously affected by aggressive environments and local conditions. In summary, it is still very much in the hands of the individual project adviser or installer to ensure that the plumbing products and materials selected for the application are in accordance with officialrequirements, will not be unduly affected or influenced by local factors and are correct for the application.
As well as deciding what is an acceptable plumbing product or material, the water authority or governing organization must set standards for the level of training attained by the installation personnel, a point that cannot be over-emphasized. In some countries, for reasons of economy, transport, proximity to manufacturing plants or restricted access to international markets, the choice of available materials for plumbing products and piping systems is often limited. Socioeconomic reasons may also dictate the quality and standard of plumbing in domestic dwellings.
10.3 Metallic and non-metallic materials used in pipework
There are two families of materials available for water pipework systems: metallic and non-metallic materials. Of these the most commonly used materials for drinking-water supply piping are galvanized steel or iron, copper, polybutylene, unplasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC) and polyethylene (PE). Metal alloys, which far exceed the performance specifications of their respective parent materials, are also widely used. New materials and construction technologies are continually being developed for the building industry and the plumbing industry. Without some form of control at the respective levels within the plumbing and building industries it would be easy for unscrupulous manufacturers to use inferior materials to the detriment of installers and end-users. This can ultimately damage the environment and the health of the community and lead to greater costs later when systems fail prematurely.
10.3.1 Galvanized steel or iron
Galvanized steel or iron was the traditional piping material in the plumbing industry for the conveyance of water and wastewater. The term “galvanizing” once referred to hot dipped galvanizing, in other words total immersion in molten zinc after pretreatment cleaning. This technology afforded a reasonable level of internal and external protection to the metal pipe. In more recent times, the use of electroplating technologies has provided a more attractive external finish, but little or no internal protection. Although still included in many codes of practice throughout the world, the popularity of galvanized piping is declining. It is still being used extensively in the fire protection industry, but overall there are increasing limitations on how and where galvanized piping may be used. Internal and external corrosion is a particular problem where galvanized steel or iron piping is connected to dissimilar materials, such as copper alloy (brass) in taps and valves. Internal corrosion can add iron, which causes an undesirable taste and may also cause unsightly precipitation of iron salts on clothes. Aesthetic guidelines contained in the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality address these matters.
The use of galvanized steel or iron as a conduit for drinking-water is a greater problem where the water flow is slow or static for periods of time due to rust discoloration caused by internal corrosion. Galvanized steel or iron piping may also impart an unpalatable taste and smell to the water conveyed under corrosive conditions. Galvanized steel piping systems are generally accepted for outdoor use, but because of the size or bulk of the pipe and fittings, and the inflexibility of such systems overall, the material is not desirable for internal water plumbing. Galvanized pipe is heavy to handle and is generally joined by threading and screwing the components together. This is a lengthy procedure when compared to the assembly of competing non-metallic pipework systems.
10.3.2 Copper tubing
Copper tubing is extremely flexible in the hands of a competent installer and smaller in overall diameter than the equivalent galvanized steel pipes and fittings. Corrosion can be a problem, though usually to a lesser degree than with galvanized steel; care must be exercised to avoid contact with dissimilar metals. Copper tubing, due to its thinner wall section, is relatively light to handle and is available in coil form or straight lengths as required. When assembled and installed correctly it can blend into building structures without difficulty. Piping systems can be assembled with the aid of compression fittings, couplings, or by lead-free solder or brazing. A high degree of skill is required of installers who perform braze welding. Compression fittings are much simpler, but may be obtrusive.
Copper tube or pipe is also particularly useful for hot water supply systems. However, heat loss can become an issue if adequate insulation is not provided. As with all metallic materials, the risk of electrolytic corrosion should be considered. This occurs most commonly where galvanized steel pipes or fittings connect with copper alloy (brass) fittings.
System designers must be aware that water flows through copper tube piping systems must not exceed 3 metres per second. When this occurs there is a high risk that the internal bore of the piping system will be eroded by high flow and velocity scouring. Due to its electrical conductivity there is a need for care to ensure that grounding connections are separated from piping systems and any electrical wiring.
10.3.3 Polybutylene
Polybutylene in non-metallic piping systems is becoming accepted as a suitable material for the conveyance of drinking-water in domestic dwellings in some industrialized countries. However, it is banned by plumbing codes in USA due to problems with leaks at joints resulting in significant water damage in dwellings. It is a light, flexible material that is easy to handle and install. It can be usedin domestic dwellings for both hot and cold water supplies. Caution must be exercised as it can suffer degradation if exposed to excessive pressure and temperature, and exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight) is also detrimental to the material.
There are several jointing systems available for the connection of polybutylene pipework systems, including electrofusion and socket fusion welding and a variety of mechanical jointing methods. Some mechanical joints rely on an integral grab ring while others have a compression-type joint, via a nut or a compression crimp ring or band. Some jointing systems comprise metal in-line as well as end-of-line fittings, which may not be appropriate in some locations or conditions. Polybutylene pipe is generally available in straight lengths up to 6 metres or coils 60 metres in length.
10.3.4 Chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC)
CPVC is widely used in water and sanitary systems for hot and cold water distribution. It is a thermoplastic produced by polymerization of vinyl chloride, with additional chlorination. CPVC piping is manufactured by extrusion methods in sizes of diameter 0.25 inch (0.635 centimetres) to 12 inch (30.5 centimetres) in Schedule 40, Schedule 80 and standard dimension ratio (SDR) dimensions.1 It is manufactured to copper tube size (CTS).2 It offers much better resistance to corrosion and has a high tolerance to acids. It is fire resistant, though toxic fumes are emitted when it is burned. CPVC is lightweight, non-toxic and odourless, and reduces growth of fungi, algae and bacteria. It is designed to withstand continuous operating pressure of 600 kPa at a temperature of 95 ˚C. Pipe and fittings are readily cut, and joined by solvent welding.
10.3.5 Unplasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC)
PVC, when used with a solvent cement jointing system, is comparable in bulk to galvanized steel or iron for drinking-water piping, but much lighter. It does not suffer the same corrosion problems internally or externally as does galvanized steel. However, it is susceptible to physical damage if exposed above ground and it becomes brittle when exposed to ultraviolet light. The pipe is light to handle, but it is too bulky for aesthetically acceptable internal use in domestic buildings. It is used extensively around the world for drainage (waste or soil and storm water) applications.
PVC is available with a solvent cement or rubber (elastomeric) ring jointing system for internal or external drainage systems. Caution must be exercised when using PVC close to water heaters and similar heat sources. In addition to the inherent problems associated with the expansion and contraction of PVC, the material will soften and deform if exposed to a heat in excess of 65 °C.
10.3.6 Polyethylene (PE)
PE pipes and fittings of numerous types and designs have been available for over forty years. The market requirements today have been refined to three general groupings, as follows:
High-density PE is available in a post-manufactured stress-relieved state (best-practice PE), or as extruded product with no treatment. It is used mainly for drainage applications where it can withstand higher temperature discharges than PVC. To avoid ovality and installation problems when laying to grade the pipe is best used in straight lengths, normally up to 6 metres long. Jointing is achieved by electrofusion or butt-fusion welding or with compression-type joints for smaller diameter pipes and fittings.
Medium-density PE is more flexible than the high-density pipe. It has a slightly thinner wall thickness and is capable of withstanding higher internal pressure. It is the preferred material for long-distance drinking-water piping. Because of the application and the robust nature of the material it is generally available in coils of up to 200 metres (650 feet) length, depending upon the diameter. The method of jointing is the same as for high-density PE pipe. In colder climates coiled polyethylene piping can be very difficult to use and may be impractical.
Low-density PE is suitable for the irrigation industry, where operating pressures are very low and a high degree of flexibility and low cost is required. Low-density PE pipe and fittings are not acceptable for use for connection to the water mains in many countries because of the low pressure rating of the material and its high leakage rate.
10.4 General issues related to use of plastic piping
There are numerous composite PE piping systems available and new plastic materials are constantly being developed. Each must be considered on its merits for the particular application in hand. In some types, the molecular structure is cross-linked to attain a stronger product with a reduced wall thickness, allowing savings in the amount of raw material needed. Combining different types of raw material together with lamination, overlay extrusion or simply adding selected reinforcement into the extrusion process can further enhance specific qualities of the structure of the material to make it more acceptable for use in both domestic and specialized plumbing applications.
Providing that the health, safety and durability standards are met, pipes and fittings manufactured from plastic materials have many advantages for use in both hot and cold water plumbing systems. They are light, easily handled and transported, and require fewer joints than metal pipes when available in long lengths. Pipes and fittings manufactured from plastic materials may cost more to purchase than metal pipes or tubes and their ancillary fittings, but the time spent installing a plastic pipe system is generally much less than a metallic system and this may result in overall savings.
Where a large project is to be undertaken, it is not uncommon for a plastic pipe manufacturer to bring in moulding or just extruding machines with the appropriate dies, tooling and raw materials, and commence manufacturing in close proximity to the market or project site. This in turn can bring about savings in transportation and handling costs. Long delays in supply can also be averted, resulting in rapid on-site progress. Sometimes only the pipe is made at the remote locations due to its bulk, and fittings, especially when there is a large and varied range, are brought in separately.
It is important for plumbing systems that different pipe types remain separated and not intermixed with similar products. For example, rainwater or storm water drainage pipes and fittings should not be used for sanitary plumbing (soil, waste or vent pipe) applications. They have a thinner wall section and are not designed for higher temperatures or deeper than near-surface and above-ground applications where durability is not a major concern. Conversely soil, waste and vent pipes and fittings could be used for rainwater or storm water, but they are unnecessarily expensive for those applications.
Some standards and codes call for different-coloured pipes and fittings to define the designated application of the product and to assist installers, as well as for future identification to prevent cross-connections. For example, PVC pipe and fittings are easily manufactured in various colours; other materials that are not so easy to colour may rely on a stripe of colour set onto the pipe during extrusion or painted bands and labels applied after installation, with specific markings or instructions with regard to fittings, etc. Other authorities, such as electricity and gas providers, may also utilize colour coding for their buried pipelines. To avoid confusion care should be taken to coordinate the identification strategies or policies for all pipes and services.
10.5 Earthenware pipes
Earthenware is also referred to as glazed stoneware, terracotta or vitrified clay. Furnace-baked earthenware has been the most commonly used material for under-ground drainage systems. It can be locally produced in almost any country provided there is a source of good-quality clay and an energy supply to fire it. In the past, glazing was achieved by throwing salt into the fire towards the end of the firing process. This method of salt glazing damages kilns and does not
always create an even finish or glaze. Advanced material and management technologies, combined with the use of sophisticated tunnel kilns, have in recent years seen the emergence of a completely new generation of vitrified earthenware pipes and fittings of a quality previously unattainable. They are chemical and temperature resistant with elastomeric jointing couplings. The high cost currently precludes their use in domestic dwellings, but there are many special commercial or industrial applications.
Installing old-style earthenware drainage systems is difficult and maintenance is demanding because of breaks and blockages. The inherent rigidity of the system can cause the pipes to break loose at the joints or cause the pipe itself to break close to the joint just behind the collar. Tree roots can grow into the open joint or broken pipe and will eventually block the drain. In some cases groundwater can infiltrate the drain, causing the system to become overloaded. There is also the risk of contaminating the groundwater by the leakage of raw sewage from the broken joint or pipe. A further disadvantage is that earthenware pipes are heavy to transport and expensive to install compared to lighter materials such as plastics.
Plastic, mainly PVC, is now the most commonly used material for drainage systems for the conveyance of sewage and wastewater from dwellings. Other materials, such as cast iron, ductile iron, copper, fibre cement and vibrated concrete, are sometimes used for drainage systems. Each has its strengths and weaknesses; their longevity in service is dependent on how well they are installed, the nature of the water or other materials passing through them, and the installation environment.
10.6 Design of plumbing fixtures
Both the component materials and the design of plumbing fixtures (baths, washbasins, sinks, tubs, toilet pans, etc.) should be subject to standards and certification to ensure integrity and safety. Fixtures should be free of sharp projections and sharp corners that may cause injury. In order to prevent drainage sewer gases from entering the area where the fixture is installed, a fixture trap should be incorporated into the fitting, or provision should be made for fitting one at a later date. To protect the drinking-water supply, all plumbing fixtures should be designed so as to ensure that incoming water is delivered through an air gap. Tapware should be appropriately matched to the fixture that it is intended to serve. When installed, all taps and water delivery outlet fittings should have an adequate clearance between the water outlet and the spill level or water overflow level of the fixture being served. It is possible for the overflow on any fixture to become blocked, which would compromise the air gap by not leaving the correct clearance. In situations where a portable or flexible hose or tube is attached to the water outlet, and an air gap cannot be provided, an appropriate backflow prevention device should be installed in the pipework supplying the fixture.
Local usage and customs should be considered when assessing plumbing requirements. An example is the choice of pedestal toilet bowls or squats. It may also be necessary to conduct training sessions in the use of particular fixtures to ensure that they are maintained in a satisfactory and hygienic state. In some areas it is customary to provide a drinking-water supply tap adjacent to the toilet fixture to facilitate personal ablutions. In such cases strict precautions must be taken to prevent contamination or cross-connection with the drinking-water supply system.
10.7 Sanitary fixtures
Sanitary fixtures should be durable, smooth and impermeable to water. There should be no hidden surface that can become fouled or polluted. Both internal and exposed outside surfaces should be accessible for cleaning. The most common and most economical material for domestic fixtures such as toilet bowls, urinals, and washbasins is vitreous china. For more durable day-to-day use in kitchen sinks and laundry tubs, stainless steel is recommended, but enamelled pressed steel and suitable plastic materials may be acceptable.
Plastics are commonly used for bathtubs, shower trays, laundry tubs, cisterns, washbasins and toilets and are often reinforced with fibreglass for extra strength and durability. Plastic materials, although generally durable in themselves, are readily prone to surface damage such as scratches and cuts. Stainless steel is a preferred material for plumbing fixtures where there is a risk of damage from users, such as in institutions and public amenities. Stainless steel is currently the only suitable choice in commercial or industrial food preparation areas.
10.8 Concrete products
The manufacture of plumbing products of any kind is expensive because of the capital investment in plant and the associated tooling. Unless high production volumes are anticipated, it is often more economical to import such items. To save foreign currency, materials such as concrete can be used for the local manufacture of fixtures for some domestic applications. These products are inferior to those discussed above, but they may be a realistic option. Ideally, concrete products should be designed so that angles, both internal and external, are rounded for ease of cleaning, and outlet pipes may be integrally cast into the body of the fixture. Concrete fixtures should be restricted to shower trays and baths, and possibly laundry fixtures such as troughs. It is recommended that concrete fixtures be cast in place wherever possible to eliminate the need for transportation. Concrete should not be approved for kitchen or food preparation sinks or benches. Local codes should cover all probable issues involving concrete fixtures, general design principles, etc., and also specify the proportions of sand, aggregate, cement and water required with general mixing, placement and finishing instructions. Preliminary investigations should ascertain the availability of local materials of the appropriate quality to ensure that the products can be produced satisfactorily. Concrete products cannot be made completely impervious; surface treatments such as ceramic tiles are sometimes used to address this problem.
Sources : Health Aspect of Plumbing
Standards are sets of rules that outline specification of dimensions, design of operation, materials and performance, or describe quality of materials, products or systems. These standards should cover the performance expectations of the product for particular applications, as well as, in the case of drinking-water contact, the chemicals that may be leached from the product into the water. The intent of standards is to provide at least minimum quality, safety or performance specifications so as to ensure relatively uniform products and performance, and to remove ambiguity as to the suitability of certain commercial products for particular applications. They reduce the risk of error by installers, and also provide assurance to the plumbing system owners. Standards also provide direction to manufacturers in respect to the expectations of the products that they produce. Internationally accepted standards provide economies to both the manufacturer and the user by reducing the number of products of the same type that must be produced. Standards may be developed by industry, non-profit organizations or trade associations, as well as national or international bodies. The existence of credible standards and certifiers relieves the regulatory authority of the need to develop its own case-by-case standards and product assessment system.
The existence of a standard does not always ensure that all available products meet a specific standard. In order to be confident of uniformity in a product there must be checks and balances. This is accomplished by assessment conformity. Assessment conformity, product listing and certification all have the same meaning. Simply stated, it means that a product, material or device has been tested and verified to meet the specification that has been developed. There are at least three types of certification: where the manufacturer or seller self-certifies and guarantees the product by warranty or contract; where the manufacturer or seller obtains verification by a contract laboratory; or where the specific commercial product (not just the class of product) has been evaluated by a credible independent third-party testing or certifying organization that is in no way related to or a part of the manufacturer or seller, and which has a system for policing the validity of its certifications.
Assessment conformity, by any name, means that a product, service, material, system, device or component has undergone testing to ensure it meets theintended standard for such product, material, system, device or component. There are several organizations that perform assessment conformity and, in most cases, if a specific product, material, system, device or component meets a designated standard, the testing organization may allow placement of a mark or logo of the organization on the product, material, system, device or component to certify that the relevant standard was successfully met.
PRODUCT AND MATERIAL USING N PLUMBING
10.2.1 Standards for plumbing products and materials
The durability of a plumbing system is dependent on the quality of its component parts and the assembly skills of those who install it. No plumbing system, however well designed, can be expected to operate safely or hygienically if the products or materials used are unsatisfactory. The inverse is also true – if the best-quality products or materials are used but are installed incorrectly, the system will be a failure.
Most industrialized countries have national standards or codes that set out the minimum requirements for the material specifications, design and use of specific plumbing products. However, plumbing codes of practice vary considerably according to the extent to which they specify the detailed standards for plumbing products and other matters. Some countries take the view that the level of detail should be minimized, whereas others are very prescriptive. However, even prescriptive codes should allow for the introduction and innovative use of promising new products, materials and installation practices without undue delay. Countries that are members of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) may choose to adopt the ISO framework as a minimum standard set for plumbing products and materials. WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality should be used as reference in decisions concerning health-related matters. Several national and international standards and certifying organizations utilize and expand upon those basic principles by identifying specific products that comply. It is important to ensure that commonly used plumbing products and materials are of the same type, at least throughout a country, to take advantage of economies of scale in manufacturing and to ensure easy accessibility.
The process of certification of quality of plumbing products may necessitate the setting up of testing establishments where products can be assessed. In many cases it will be more economical to simply adopt an existing qualified standards and certification programme that already has international acceptance. This will also avoid unnecessary proliferation of standards. Product certifiers and their testing facilities must be of the highest standard and subject to external auditing.
The application of suitable materials and products must be supported by adequate levels of training of plumbers who use them so that they can identify and use only appropriate products.
10.2.2 Selecting suitable products
Numerous standards and certification bodies exist nationally and internationally, so it may not be necessary for a country to develop a unique set of standards. It could decide to adopt one of the existing systems and require that products are certified to meet that system’s requirements. In judging a product or material, the regulating authority (or certifier) must consider factors such as the following:
• Is the product or material under consideration suitable for the application or purpose?
• Will it be harmful to the health of the community in its normal use?
• Is there a risk of these materials being released into the environment (e.g. the water) in the first instance or after the working life of the product or material has expired?
All pipes, valves, taps and other fittings used for the supply of drinking-water or the removal of wastewater must not contain harmful substances above the specified amount that could leach into the water. Lead, cadmium and arsenic are examples of many possible contaminants that could be present. The pipes, valves, taps and other fittings must be capable of conveying water at a nominated pressure within a prescribed environment, and must be of sufficient strength to contain anticipated internal pressures. They must also be able to withstand external pressures if they are to be buried. The impact of environmental factors such as heat, cold, expansion, contraction, corrosion, pH and bacteria levels also need to be considered.
WHO and many national authorities have developed guidelines or standards that set out the maximum acceptable levels of metals and chemicals and other contaminants in public drinking-water supplies (WHO 2004a). These are then converted to apply to contaminants that may leach from the fixtures and the associated network of piping systems. For example, a pipe standard might require that the leaching level of a heavy metal must not exceed 10% of the drinking-water standard based upon a standard test that simulates use and exposure conditions. Some authorities also insist that piping systems for soil and waste-water drainage systems comply with the same material criteria. Manufacturers in these areas are obliged to comply or risk losing market share or perhaps face prosecution. The standards set for materials in contact with drinking-water are minimum requirements and are based upon a specified use condition range; for example, a product suitable for a cold water system will, in most cases, not be acceptable for a hot water system. It is common for piping and construction materials, as well as the water being conveyed, to be seriously affected by aggressive environments and local conditions. In summary, it is still very much in the hands of the individual project adviser or installer to ensure that the plumbing products and materials selected for the application are in accordance with officialrequirements, will not be unduly affected or influenced by local factors and are correct for the application.
As well as deciding what is an acceptable plumbing product or material, the water authority or governing organization must set standards for the level of training attained by the installation personnel, a point that cannot be over-emphasized. In some countries, for reasons of economy, transport, proximity to manufacturing plants or restricted access to international markets, the choice of available materials for plumbing products and piping systems is often limited. Socioeconomic reasons may also dictate the quality and standard of plumbing in domestic dwellings.
10.3 Metallic and non-metallic materials used in pipework
There are two families of materials available for water pipework systems: metallic and non-metallic materials. Of these the most commonly used materials for drinking-water supply piping are galvanized steel or iron, copper, polybutylene, unplasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC) and polyethylene (PE). Metal alloys, which far exceed the performance specifications of their respective parent materials, are also widely used. New materials and construction technologies are continually being developed for the building industry and the plumbing industry. Without some form of control at the respective levels within the plumbing and building industries it would be easy for unscrupulous manufacturers to use inferior materials to the detriment of installers and end-users. This can ultimately damage the environment and the health of the community and lead to greater costs later when systems fail prematurely.
10.3.1 Galvanized steel or iron
Galvanized steel or iron was the traditional piping material in the plumbing industry for the conveyance of water and wastewater. The term “galvanizing” once referred to hot dipped galvanizing, in other words total immersion in molten zinc after pretreatment cleaning. This technology afforded a reasonable level of internal and external protection to the metal pipe. In more recent times, the use of electroplating technologies has provided a more attractive external finish, but little or no internal protection. Although still included in many codes of practice throughout the world, the popularity of galvanized piping is declining. It is still being used extensively in the fire protection industry, but overall there are increasing limitations on how and where galvanized piping may be used. Internal and external corrosion is a particular problem where galvanized steel or iron piping is connected to dissimilar materials, such as copper alloy (brass) in taps and valves. Internal corrosion can add iron, which causes an undesirable taste and may also cause unsightly precipitation of iron salts on clothes. Aesthetic guidelines contained in the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality address these matters.
The use of galvanized steel or iron as a conduit for drinking-water is a greater problem where the water flow is slow or static for periods of time due to rust discoloration caused by internal corrosion. Galvanized steel or iron piping may also impart an unpalatable taste and smell to the water conveyed under corrosive conditions. Galvanized steel piping systems are generally accepted for outdoor use, but because of the size or bulk of the pipe and fittings, and the inflexibility of such systems overall, the material is not desirable for internal water plumbing. Galvanized pipe is heavy to handle and is generally joined by threading and screwing the components together. This is a lengthy procedure when compared to the assembly of competing non-metallic pipework systems.
10.3.2 Copper tubing
Copper tubing is extremely flexible in the hands of a competent installer and smaller in overall diameter than the equivalent galvanized steel pipes and fittings. Corrosion can be a problem, though usually to a lesser degree than with galvanized steel; care must be exercised to avoid contact with dissimilar metals. Copper tubing, due to its thinner wall section, is relatively light to handle and is available in coil form or straight lengths as required. When assembled and installed correctly it can blend into building structures without difficulty. Piping systems can be assembled with the aid of compression fittings, couplings, or by lead-free solder or brazing. A high degree of skill is required of installers who perform braze welding. Compression fittings are much simpler, but may be obtrusive.
Copper tube or pipe is also particularly useful for hot water supply systems. However, heat loss can become an issue if adequate insulation is not provided. As with all metallic materials, the risk of electrolytic corrosion should be considered. This occurs most commonly where galvanized steel pipes or fittings connect with copper alloy (brass) fittings.
System designers must be aware that water flows through copper tube piping systems must not exceed 3 metres per second. When this occurs there is a high risk that the internal bore of the piping system will be eroded by high flow and velocity scouring. Due to its electrical conductivity there is a need for care to ensure that grounding connections are separated from piping systems and any electrical wiring.
10.3.3 Polybutylene
Polybutylene in non-metallic piping systems is becoming accepted as a suitable material for the conveyance of drinking-water in domestic dwellings in some industrialized countries. However, it is banned by plumbing codes in USA due to problems with leaks at joints resulting in significant water damage in dwellings. It is a light, flexible material that is easy to handle and install. It can be usedin domestic dwellings for both hot and cold water supplies. Caution must be exercised as it can suffer degradation if exposed to excessive pressure and temperature, and exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight) is also detrimental to the material.
There are several jointing systems available for the connection of polybutylene pipework systems, including electrofusion and socket fusion welding and a variety of mechanical jointing methods. Some mechanical joints rely on an integral grab ring while others have a compression-type joint, via a nut or a compression crimp ring or band. Some jointing systems comprise metal in-line as well as end-of-line fittings, which may not be appropriate in some locations or conditions. Polybutylene pipe is generally available in straight lengths up to 6 metres or coils 60 metres in length.
10.3.4 Chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC)
CPVC is widely used in water and sanitary systems for hot and cold water distribution. It is a thermoplastic produced by polymerization of vinyl chloride, with additional chlorination. CPVC piping is manufactured by extrusion methods in sizes of diameter 0.25 inch (0.635 centimetres) to 12 inch (30.5 centimetres) in Schedule 40, Schedule 80 and standard dimension ratio (SDR) dimensions.1 It is manufactured to copper tube size (CTS).2 It offers much better resistance to corrosion and has a high tolerance to acids. It is fire resistant, though toxic fumes are emitted when it is burned. CPVC is lightweight, non-toxic and odourless, and reduces growth of fungi, algae and bacteria. It is designed to withstand continuous operating pressure of 600 kPa at a temperature of 95 ˚C. Pipe and fittings are readily cut, and joined by solvent welding.
10.3.5 Unplasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC)
PVC, when used with a solvent cement jointing system, is comparable in bulk to galvanized steel or iron for drinking-water piping, but much lighter. It does not suffer the same corrosion problems internally or externally as does galvanized steel. However, it is susceptible to physical damage if exposed above ground and it becomes brittle when exposed to ultraviolet light. The pipe is light to handle, but it is too bulky for aesthetically acceptable internal use in domestic buildings. It is used extensively around the world for drainage (waste or soil and storm water) applications.
PVC is available with a solvent cement or rubber (elastomeric) ring jointing system for internal or external drainage systems. Caution must be exercised when using PVC close to water heaters and similar heat sources. In addition to the inherent problems associated with the expansion and contraction of PVC, the material will soften and deform if exposed to a heat in excess of 65 °C.
10.3.6 Polyethylene (PE)
PE pipes and fittings of numerous types and designs have been available for over forty years. The market requirements today have been refined to three general groupings, as follows:
High-density PE is available in a post-manufactured stress-relieved state (best-practice PE), or as extruded product with no treatment. It is used mainly for drainage applications where it can withstand higher temperature discharges than PVC. To avoid ovality and installation problems when laying to grade the pipe is best used in straight lengths, normally up to 6 metres long. Jointing is achieved by electrofusion or butt-fusion welding or with compression-type joints for smaller diameter pipes and fittings.
Medium-density PE is more flexible than the high-density pipe. It has a slightly thinner wall thickness and is capable of withstanding higher internal pressure. It is the preferred material for long-distance drinking-water piping. Because of the application and the robust nature of the material it is generally available in coils of up to 200 metres (650 feet) length, depending upon the diameter. The method of jointing is the same as for high-density PE pipe. In colder climates coiled polyethylene piping can be very difficult to use and may be impractical.
Low-density PE is suitable for the irrigation industry, where operating pressures are very low and a high degree of flexibility and low cost is required. Low-density PE pipe and fittings are not acceptable for use for connection to the water mains in many countries because of the low pressure rating of the material and its high leakage rate.
10.4 General issues related to use of plastic piping
There are numerous composite PE piping systems available and new plastic materials are constantly being developed. Each must be considered on its merits for the particular application in hand. In some types, the molecular structure is cross-linked to attain a stronger product with a reduced wall thickness, allowing savings in the amount of raw material needed. Combining different types of raw material together with lamination, overlay extrusion or simply adding selected reinforcement into the extrusion process can further enhance specific qualities of the structure of the material to make it more acceptable for use in both domestic and specialized plumbing applications.
Providing that the health, safety and durability standards are met, pipes and fittings manufactured from plastic materials have many advantages for use in both hot and cold water plumbing systems. They are light, easily handled and transported, and require fewer joints than metal pipes when available in long lengths. Pipes and fittings manufactured from plastic materials may cost more to purchase than metal pipes or tubes and their ancillary fittings, but the time spent installing a plastic pipe system is generally much less than a metallic system and this may result in overall savings.
Where a large project is to be undertaken, it is not uncommon for a plastic pipe manufacturer to bring in moulding or just extruding machines with the appropriate dies, tooling and raw materials, and commence manufacturing in close proximity to the market or project site. This in turn can bring about savings in transportation and handling costs. Long delays in supply can also be averted, resulting in rapid on-site progress. Sometimes only the pipe is made at the remote locations due to its bulk, and fittings, especially when there is a large and varied range, are brought in separately.
It is important for plumbing systems that different pipe types remain separated and not intermixed with similar products. For example, rainwater or storm water drainage pipes and fittings should not be used for sanitary plumbing (soil, waste or vent pipe) applications. They have a thinner wall section and are not designed for higher temperatures or deeper than near-surface and above-ground applications where durability is not a major concern. Conversely soil, waste and vent pipes and fittings could be used for rainwater or storm water, but they are unnecessarily expensive for those applications.
Some standards and codes call for different-coloured pipes and fittings to define the designated application of the product and to assist installers, as well as for future identification to prevent cross-connections. For example, PVC pipe and fittings are easily manufactured in various colours; other materials that are not so easy to colour may rely on a stripe of colour set onto the pipe during extrusion or painted bands and labels applied after installation, with specific markings or instructions with regard to fittings, etc. Other authorities, such as electricity and gas providers, may also utilize colour coding for their buried pipelines. To avoid confusion care should be taken to coordinate the identification strategies or policies for all pipes and services.
10.5 Earthenware pipes
Earthenware is also referred to as glazed stoneware, terracotta or vitrified clay. Furnace-baked earthenware has been the most commonly used material for under-ground drainage systems. It can be locally produced in almost any country provided there is a source of good-quality clay and an energy supply to fire it. In the past, glazing was achieved by throwing salt into the fire towards the end of the firing process. This method of salt glazing damages kilns and does not
always create an even finish or glaze. Advanced material and management technologies, combined with the use of sophisticated tunnel kilns, have in recent years seen the emergence of a completely new generation of vitrified earthenware pipes and fittings of a quality previously unattainable. They are chemical and temperature resistant with elastomeric jointing couplings. The high cost currently precludes their use in domestic dwellings, but there are many special commercial or industrial applications.
Installing old-style earthenware drainage systems is difficult and maintenance is demanding because of breaks and blockages. The inherent rigidity of the system can cause the pipes to break loose at the joints or cause the pipe itself to break close to the joint just behind the collar. Tree roots can grow into the open joint or broken pipe and will eventually block the drain. In some cases groundwater can infiltrate the drain, causing the system to become overloaded. There is also the risk of contaminating the groundwater by the leakage of raw sewage from the broken joint or pipe. A further disadvantage is that earthenware pipes are heavy to transport and expensive to install compared to lighter materials such as plastics.
Plastic, mainly PVC, is now the most commonly used material for drainage systems for the conveyance of sewage and wastewater from dwellings. Other materials, such as cast iron, ductile iron, copper, fibre cement and vibrated concrete, are sometimes used for drainage systems. Each has its strengths and weaknesses; their longevity in service is dependent on how well they are installed, the nature of the water or other materials passing through them, and the installation environment.
10.6 Design of plumbing fixtures
Both the component materials and the design of plumbing fixtures (baths, washbasins, sinks, tubs, toilet pans, etc.) should be subject to standards and certification to ensure integrity and safety. Fixtures should be free of sharp projections and sharp corners that may cause injury. In order to prevent drainage sewer gases from entering the area where the fixture is installed, a fixture trap should be incorporated into the fitting, or provision should be made for fitting one at a later date. To protect the drinking-water supply, all plumbing fixtures should be designed so as to ensure that incoming water is delivered through an air gap. Tapware should be appropriately matched to the fixture that it is intended to serve. When installed, all taps and water delivery outlet fittings should have an adequate clearance between the water outlet and the spill level or water overflow level of the fixture being served. It is possible for the overflow on any fixture to become blocked, which would compromise the air gap by not leaving the correct clearance. In situations where a portable or flexible hose or tube is attached to the water outlet, and an air gap cannot be provided, an appropriate backflow prevention device should be installed in the pipework supplying the fixture.
Local usage and customs should be considered when assessing plumbing requirements. An example is the choice of pedestal toilet bowls or squats. It may also be necessary to conduct training sessions in the use of particular fixtures to ensure that they are maintained in a satisfactory and hygienic state. In some areas it is customary to provide a drinking-water supply tap adjacent to the toilet fixture to facilitate personal ablutions. In such cases strict precautions must be taken to prevent contamination or cross-connection with the drinking-water supply system.
10.7 Sanitary fixtures
Sanitary fixtures should be durable, smooth and impermeable to water. There should be no hidden surface that can become fouled or polluted. Both internal and exposed outside surfaces should be accessible for cleaning. The most common and most economical material for domestic fixtures such as toilet bowls, urinals, and washbasins is vitreous china. For more durable day-to-day use in kitchen sinks and laundry tubs, stainless steel is recommended, but enamelled pressed steel and suitable plastic materials may be acceptable.
Plastics are commonly used for bathtubs, shower trays, laundry tubs, cisterns, washbasins and toilets and are often reinforced with fibreglass for extra strength and durability. Plastic materials, although generally durable in themselves, are readily prone to surface damage such as scratches and cuts. Stainless steel is a preferred material for plumbing fixtures where there is a risk of damage from users, such as in institutions and public amenities. Stainless steel is currently the only suitable choice in commercial or industrial food preparation areas.
10.8 Concrete products
The manufacture of plumbing products of any kind is expensive because of the capital investment in plant and the associated tooling. Unless high production volumes are anticipated, it is often more economical to import such items. To save foreign currency, materials such as concrete can be used for the local manufacture of fixtures for some domestic applications. These products are inferior to those discussed above, but they may be a realistic option. Ideally, concrete products should be designed so that angles, both internal and external, are rounded for ease of cleaning, and outlet pipes may be integrally cast into the body of the fixture. Concrete fixtures should be restricted to shower trays and baths, and possibly laundry fixtures such as troughs. It is recommended that concrete fixtures be cast in place wherever possible to eliminate the need for transportation. Concrete should not be approved for kitchen or food preparation sinks or benches. Local codes should cover all probable issues involving concrete fixtures, general design principles, etc., and also specify the proportions of sand, aggregate, cement and water required with general mixing, placement and finishing instructions. Preliminary investigations should ascertain the availability of local materials of the appropriate quality to ensure that the products can be produced satisfactorily. Concrete products cannot be made completely impervious; surface treatments such as ceramic tiles are sometimes used to address this problem.
Sources : Health Aspect of Plumbing
Thursday, September 30, 2010
ALL ABOUT PUJANGGA PIPING
My name is Iwan Agung Dwi Saputra, I am 39 years old. Indonesia, have one wife and two boys. I live in Indonesia. Do you thick I am to old to write on blogger?
If you say Yes.. I am sorry to tell you that I am still going on to write in my blog for increase my knowledge and share you all about everything that I got in live.
Some you may be already see my curriculum vitae in this blog that I posted before. Hopefully there are Company would like to used me as an employee on their Company.. Hopefully in your can recommend me to your Company or your friends.
Now I would like to say in Bahasa about my live ..I f you from outside Indonesia , you can used google translete in www.google.com
Tentang Hidup Saya :
Saya lahir di Plaju, 39 tahun yang lalu. saya besar dan kuliah di Palembang. Saya bersekolah dasar di SD Yaktapena I Plaju (1978-1984) , dan masuk ke SMP Negeri 15 Palembang (1984-1987) dan saya masuk SMA Yaktapena I Plaju dan kelas dua ambil jurusan A1 (1987 - 1990) dan setelah lulus SMA , saya masuk ke Perguruan Tinggi tahun 1990 di Jurusan Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Sriwijaya Palembang.
Dan tamat dan Wisuda tanggal 29 February 1996 ditahun kabisat. Setelah tamat kuliah saya bekerja dari April 1996 sampe sekarang di beberapa buah perusahaan yang ada di Indonesia sampe sekarang
Tentang Kehidupan Percintaan Saya,
Tentang Kehidupan Percintaan Saya,
Saya pertama kali pacaran ketika SMP kelas III, tapi kalau suka sama cewek dari SD kelas 6. Banyak yang bilang saya playboy tapi saya ketawa aja..karena pacar-pacar saya bisa dihitung dengan jari.. Karena saya pun nggak berani ngatakan cinta sama cewek yang saya sukai karena takut ditolak. Karena saya punya banya pengalaman ditolak sama cewek.
Saya punya prinsip kalau punya pacar harus cantik dan manis dan mirip artis. tapi kalau istri cantik dan menurut saya, cantik agamanya, tapi kalau cantik muka itu relatif (baca kutemukan istriu di malam Nisfu Sa'ban).
Saya mulai pacaran SMA kelas 1 dan maaf saya tak mungkin menyebutkan nama pacar saya sekarang takut marah dia bila dia membaca mengenai ini. Tapi dia tinggal di Depan Patra Jaya Plaju, dan anak SMA 8 Palembang. Tapi awal pendekatan ke dia yach dari sejak SMP kelas II. Setelah putus sama pacar pertama saya, dan dapat pacar lagi dan ini anak masih SMP kelas III dan saya waktu itu kelas II SMA. setelah putus dengan cewek ke dua saya, saya pun berusaha mendekati gadis-gadis teman SMA saya baik itu teman sekelas tapi tetap nggak dapat juga he..he..he... dan kuliah pun saya berusaha mendekati cewek adik tingkat dari Teknik Kimia tapi nyatanya tidak dapat juga..Hingga tamat kuliah saya nggak punya cewek dan ketika masuk kerja di Bontang, saya dekat dengan cewek lagi.. Dan dia ini anak tetangga dimana dekat rumah Wak saya di HOP III Bontang. jadi ketika kuliah aku punya pacar sebanyak 2 orang, tapi yang terakhir anak baru tamat SMA dan kuliah di Jogja..Ya itulah namanya pacaran sama anak SMA , akhirnya putus karena dia ternyata dalat yang lain di sana. Jadi pacar saya ada 5 orang dan yang terakhir saya jadikan istri.
Saya mulai pacaran SMA kelas 1 dan maaf saya tak mungkin menyebutkan nama pacar saya sekarang takut marah dia bila dia membaca mengenai ini. Tapi dia tinggal di Depan Patra Jaya Plaju, dan anak SMA 8 Palembang. Tapi awal pendekatan ke dia yach dari sejak SMP kelas II. Setelah putus sama pacar pertama saya, dan dapat pacar lagi dan ini anak masih SMP kelas III dan saya waktu itu kelas II SMA. setelah putus dengan cewek ke dua saya, saya pun berusaha mendekati gadis-gadis teman SMA saya baik itu teman sekelas tapi tetap nggak dapat juga he..he..he... dan kuliah pun saya berusaha mendekati cewek adik tingkat dari Teknik Kimia tapi nyatanya tidak dapat juga..Hingga tamat kuliah saya nggak punya cewek dan ketika masuk kerja di Bontang, saya dekat dengan cewek lagi.. Dan dia ini anak tetangga dimana dekat rumah Wak saya di HOP III Bontang. jadi ketika kuliah aku punya pacar sebanyak 2 orang, tapi yang terakhir anak baru tamat SMA dan kuliah di Jogja..Ya itulah namanya pacaran sama anak SMA , akhirnya putus karena dia ternyata dalat yang lain di sana. Jadi pacar saya ada 5 orang dan yang terakhir saya jadikan istri.
Dan tahun 1999 saya menikah dengan istri saya sekarang, dan dikaruniahi 2 orang anak laki-laki.
Tentang Hobby Saya,
Hobby saya adalah main Bulu tangkis, Main Volly, main tenis meja, main tenis lapangan. Nonton bola juga saya hobby tapi saya nggak pandai main bola. Kesebelasan Kesukaan saya untuk klub luar yach Manchester United, Kalau Negara nya Indonesia dan Inggris, kalau klub lokal yaitu PSPS dan Sriwijaya FC.
Kalau hobby lain , saya hobby nyanyi dan suka karaoke dan juga saya hobby photografy..saya suka photo-photo obyek yang menurut saya bagus. Dan kadang saya diminta juga untuk jadi tukang photo di kegatan-kegiatan di tempat tinggal saya.
kalau lagu yang biasa saya nyanyikan adalah : lagi Kahtna, Dewa, Once, Slank, Kerispatih, Peter Pan, Ada Band.. Tapi sekarang ini saya lebh suka bawain lagunya Kerispatih..Karena menurut hemat saya vokal saya cukup pas dengan si sammy. Tapi vocalist yang Kerispatih sekarang kayaknya kurang bisa menyesuaikan dengan vokalist yang terdahulu. Memang kuakui vocal dan improvisasi Sammy sangat baik.
Tentang Pekerjaan saya,
Saya punya pengalaman kerja hampir 14 tahun, baik di bidang Oil & Gas, Pulp & Paper, Oil Palm Plantation and Factory ataupun Rubber Factory. Tapi walaupun beda-beda pekerjaan dan posisi tapi saya lihat semua yang dikerjakan sama yang berbeda adalah system kerja dan spec yang dipakai.
Saya bekerja di Lingkungan Project LNG selama hampir 3 tahun dan sudah cukup paham dengan apa yang ada di dalam sebuah LNG Plant. dan semua ilmu yang saya dapatkan ketika saya bekerja di dalam lingkungan PT. Bada NGL Co. Bontang..
Adapun perusahaan dimana saya bergabung selama saya bekerja di Lingkungan PT. Badak NGL Co Bontang :
1. PT. Citra Panji Manunggal (PT. CPM) anak perusahaan Medco Energy, sbenarnya mereka ini specialisasinya ke pipeline project tapi waktu itu kayaknya dapat project Maintenance. Saya bekerja dari April 1996 - December 1996 sebagai Scheduller ..
2. PT. Summa Prakarsa Coorporation (Supraco), man power supply untuk project Train G , tapi pada sadarnya kami diperbantukan di Facilities Engineering Technical Department, sebagai Mechanical Engineer (Piping & Static ). Saya bekerja dari April 1997 - Maret 1998. Tugas saya membuat Piping Plan Layout, Isometric Layout, Equipment Layout, Bill of Materials, masuk vesel keluar vesel pada saat shutdown Train.
Yang sering saya masukin adalah vesel 1- C - 2 dan 1 - C - 5 dan sering saya naik adalah di 5-E-1, kalau yang lainnya hanya via visual saja..
3. PT. Summa Prakarsa Coorporation (Supraco), man power supply untuk project Train G , tapi pada sadarnya kami diperbantukan di Facilities Engineering Technical Department, sebagai Mechanical Engineer (Piping & Static ). Saya bekerja dari Oktober 1998 - Oktober 1999. Tugas saya membuat Piping Plan Layout, Isometric Layout, Equipment Layout, Bill of Materials, masuk vesel keluar vesel pada saat shutdown Train. Sama seperti halnya dengan sewaktu kerja di PT. Supraco.. Istilahnya ganti bendera doang tapi tugasnya sama dan lokasi kerjanya sama.
Setelah sekitar hampir 3 tahun saya bekerja di Bontang, akhirnya saya memutuskan untuk keluar dari Bontang dan mencari pekerjaan di Riau dimana istriku tinggal. Tapi itulah suatu keputusan yang sangat fatal bagi karier hidup saya dimana saya ada kesempatan untuk bekerja di PT. Badak NGL Co. sebagai Mechanical Engineer tapi watu itu emosi saya nggak stabil dan pengen dekat dengan istri saya. kebetulan waktu itu kami baru menikah. Itulah emosi sesaat dimana kalau saya tunggu aja hasil pengumuman dari PT. Badak NGL Co, tentunya kehidupan saya nggak seperti sekarang ini. Tapi sudahlah semua sudah terjadi dan tak akan terulang lagi. Walau sedih kurasakan tapi aku harus ambil sikap agar dekat keluarga.
Setelah Keluar dari Bontang Kalimantan, saya pun dapat kerja di Riau. Dimana saya mendapat kerja di PT. Pec- Tech Indonesia sebagai Mechanical Engineer dan saya bekerja dari Maret 2000 - Juni 2001.
Kerja saya mendesign monorail, mendesign casing untuk motor, mengurusi document-document project, megawasi pekerjaan lapangan, berkoordinasi dengan vendor . Waktu itu projectnya adalah Upgrade Pulp Machine 1 dan 2 serta pembangunan Pulp Machine 3 di lingkungan PT. Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper.
Di perusahaan ini banyak sekali orang India entah dari mana saja. mereka masuk dan bekerja sebagai atasan
Saya pernah hampir mati sewaktu bekerja di sini dimana ceritanya sewaktu itu, saya sedang mengawasi pekerjaan di dalam cerobong untuk Pulp Dryer dengan pekerja sebanyak 3 orang dari PT. Truba Jurong Engineering sewaktu shutdown plant. Untunglah kami mendengar ada suara mechine dihidupkan jadi seketika kami berlari menuju manhole yang ada di atas dan untuk manhole nya cukup besar sehingga badan kami bisa menyangkut di manhole. Kalau tidak menyangkut mungkin tubuh kami sudah disedot ke dalam machne pengering pulp tersebut. Kami pun berteriak-teriak agar machin tersebut di hentikan.
Syukur Alhamdullillah , Allah masih menyelamatkan diri kami. Tapi yang buat saya jengkel bos kami yang kulkarni namanya pura-pura menganggap itu tak terjadi apa-apa. dan cuek aja dan tidak merasa bersalah atas kejadian tersebut.
Setelah saya meninggalkan PT Pec Tech Indonesia Pangkalan Kerinci, akhirnya saya berlabuh di salah satu perusahaan perkebunan yang ada di Medan. Namanya PT. Tolan Tiga Indonesia yang merupakan group dari SIPEF Belgia. Dan Perusahaan ini mempunyai 25 anak perusahaan yang ada di seluruh Indonesia, yaitu di Sumatera Utara, Bengkulu, Jawa Barat, Sumatra Selatan. Posisi saya Assistant Technik / Mill Assistant. Dimana pekerjaannya sebagai supervisor untuk pengwasan pekerjaan di lapangan atau di pabrik.
Untuk pertama kalinya saya ditempatkan di Muko-Muko Bengkulu.
1. PT. Agro Muko Crumb Rubber Factory, (January 2002 - Maret 2003)
2. PT. Simpang Kiri Plantation Indonesia (Maret 2003 - April 2004)
3. PT. Bandar Sumatra Indonesia (April 2004 - June 2005)
4. PT. Tolan Tiga Indonesia "REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION ACEH" (June 2005 - Sept 2005)
Banyak hal yang menarik yang mau saya ceritakan sewaktu bekerja di Tolan Tiga Indonesia, tapi kayaknya terlalu banyak jadi singkat cerita, saya resign dari PT. Tolan Tiga Indonesia karena saya tidak puas dengan apa yang saya dapat di sana yaitu komitmen. Karena sewaktu saya di tempatkan di Banda Aceh, saya dijanjikan aan mendapatkan uang makan perhari Rp. 80 ribu karena saya mandah di sana, dan mendapatan uang sewa rumah dan mendapatkan uang transport. Tapi apa yang saya dapat trnyata uang makan saya dikasih sekitar 300 ribu/bulan, uang transport 500 ribu/bulan dan uang sewa rumah 500 ribu perbulan. Dan ditengah kondisi waktu itu 6 bulan setelah terjadinya Tsunami Aceh.. Dan ditengah kondisi masih ada gempa, panas dan angn kencang..dan harga-harga makan cukup mahal dimana 1 hari saya bisa kena 40 ribu/hari.
Untuk mengirit pengeluaran saya setdak-tidaknya makan indomie goreng hampir setiap makam dan berjalan kaki ke setiap lokasi proyek di Lampo Daya dan Punge Jurong. Makanya dengan kodisi yang seperti itu dan tidak adanya kebijaksanaan dari Perusahaan Tolan Tiga Indonesia. Saya memutuskan untuk mencari pekerjaan lain. Saya kurang suka dengan orang yang tidak bisa menjaga komitmennya Dan saya pun berusaha untuk menjaga komitmen saya. Tapi karena tidak adana komitmen dari perusahaan akhirnya saya mencari pekerjaan lain di luar Banda Aceh, baik itu menghubungi teman-teman saya atau melalui internet.
Singkat cerita akhirnya saya dapat pekerjaan di Duri Riau dimana lokasinya dekat dengan tempat tinggal keluarga saya di Pekanbaru.
September 2005 awal mula saya bekerja di PT. TRIPATRA FLOUR CONSORTIUM Duri untuk Project Flexible Program Management di PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia Duri.
Saya disini ditempatkan di Engineering Department - awal masuk sebagai Design Engineer - Piping dan Terakhir sebagai Senior Design Engineer - Piping & Mechanical. Saya bekerja di sini dari September 2005 - Mei 2009 dan pekerjaannya adalah membuat scope of work piping, estimate manhours, mambuat deliverable list, piping layout, equipment layout and section, isometric layout, bill of materials dan lain-lain yang hubungan dengan pekerjaan saya.
Saat ini saya masih bekerja di salah satu Perusahaan Engineering Consultant di Duri Riau..Areal kerja di Dalam Lingkungan Complek PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia, tugasnya sebagai engineering consultant untuk project yang berhubungan dengan Tanki dan Pipa. Posisi Saya Senior Mechanical Engineer disamping pekerjaan Mechanical juga mengerjakan pekerjaan Piping. Tapi sebenarnya experences saya banyak di Piping Design Engineering tapi berhubung yang dapat posisi tersebut jadi mau tak mau diambil juga dan setidak-tidaknya dapat menambah ilmu mengenai mechanical.
Tapi sebentar lagi kontrak saya berakhir dan saya harus mencari pekerjaan baru lagi dan mau nya yang sesuai dengan bidang saya Piping Design tapi bila nggak ada juga , apapun pekerjaannya yang penting halal dan cocok gaji yang ditawarkan. Tolong bantuannya untuk mencarikan pekerjaan sebagai Senior Piping Engineer. ....
Duri, 30 September 2010.... Tak Lekang Oleh Waktu..
Kalau hobby lain , saya hobby nyanyi dan suka karaoke dan juga saya hobby photografy..saya suka photo-photo obyek yang menurut saya bagus. Dan kadang saya diminta juga untuk jadi tukang photo di kegatan-kegiatan di tempat tinggal saya.
kalau lagu yang biasa saya nyanyikan adalah : lagi Kahtna, Dewa, Once, Slank, Kerispatih, Peter Pan, Ada Band.. Tapi sekarang ini saya lebh suka bawain lagunya Kerispatih..Karena menurut hemat saya vokal saya cukup pas dengan si sammy. Tapi vocalist yang Kerispatih sekarang kayaknya kurang bisa menyesuaikan dengan vokalist yang terdahulu. Memang kuakui vocal dan improvisasi Sammy sangat baik.
Tentang Pekerjaan saya,
Saya punya pengalaman kerja hampir 14 tahun, baik di bidang Oil & Gas, Pulp & Paper, Oil Palm Plantation and Factory ataupun Rubber Factory. Tapi walaupun beda-beda pekerjaan dan posisi tapi saya lihat semua yang dikerjakan sama yang berbeda adalah system kerja dan spec yang dipakai.
Saya bekerja di Lingkungan Project LNG selama hampir 3 tahun dan sudah cukup paham dengan apa yang ada di dalam sebuah LNG Plant. dan semua ilmu yang saya dapatkan ketika saya bekerja di dalam lingkungan PT. Bada NGL Co. Bontang..
Adapun perusahaan dimana saya bergabung selama saya bekerja di Lingkungan PT. Badak NGL Co Bontang :
1. PT. Citra Panji Manunggal (PT. CPM) anak perusahaan Medco Energy, sbenarnya mereka ini specialisasinya ke pipeline project tapi waktu itu kayaknya dapat project Maintenance. Saya bekerja dari April 1996 - December 1996 sebagai Scheduller ..
2. PT. Summa Prakarsa Coorporation (Supraco), man power supply untuk project Train G , tapi pada sadarnya kami diperbantukan di Facilities Engineering Technical Department, sebagai Mechanical Engineer (Piping & Static ). Saya bekerja dari April 1997 - Maret 1998. Tugas saya membuat Piping Plan Layout, Isometric Layout, Equipment Layout, Bill of Materials, masuk vesel keluar vesel pada saat shutdown Train.
Yang sering saya masukin adalah vesel 1- C - 2 dan 1 - C - 5 dan sering saya naik adalah di 5-E-1, kalau yang lainnya hanya via visual saja..
3. PT. Summa Prakarsa Coorporation (Supraco), man power supply untuk project Train G , tapi pada sadarnya kami diperbantukan di Facilities Engineering Technical Department, sebagai Mechanical Engineer (Piping & Static ). Saya bekerja dari Oktober 1998 - Oktober 1999. Tugas saya membuat Piping Plan Layout, Isometric Layout, Equipment Layout, Bill of Materials, masuk vesel keluar vesel pada saat shutdown Train. Sama seperti halnya dengan sewaktu kerja di PT. Supraco.. Istilahnya ganti bendera doang tapi tugasnya sama dan lokasi kerjanya sama.
Setelah sekitar hampir 3 tahun saya bekerja di Bontang, akhirnya saya memutuskan untuk keluar dari Bontang dan mencari pekerjaan di Riau dimana istriku tinggal. Tapi itulah suatu keputusan yang sangat fatal bagi karier hidup saya dimana saya ada kesempatan untuk bekerja di PT. Badak NGL Co. sebagai Mechanical Engineer tapi watu itu emosi saya nggak stabil dan pengen dekat dengan istri saya. kebetulan waktu itu kami baru menikah. Itulah emosi sesaat dimana kalau saya tunggu aja hasil pengumuman dari PT. Badak NGL Co, tentunya kehidupan saya nggak seperti sekarang ini. Tapi sudahlah semua sudah terjadi dan tak akan terulang lagi. Walau sedih kurasakan tapi aku harus ambil sikap agar dekat keluarga.
Setelah Keluar dari Bontang Kalimantan, saya pun dapat kerja di Riau. Dimana saya mendapat kerja di PT. Pec- Tech Indonesia sebagai Mechanical Engineer dan saya bekerja dari Maret 2000 - Juni 2001.
Kerja saya mendesign monorail, mendesign casing untuk motor, mengurusi document-document project, megawasi pekerjaan lapangan, berkoordinasi dengan vendor . Waktu itu projectnya adalah Upgrade Pulp Machine 1 dan 2 serta pembangunan Pulp Machine 3 di lingkungan PT. Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper.
Di perusahaan ini banyak sekali orang India entah dari mana saja. mereka masuk dan bekerja sebagai atasan
Saya pernah hampir mati sewaktu bekerja di sini dimana ceritanya sewaktu itu, saya sedang mengawasi pekerjaan di dalam cerobong untuk Pulp Dryer dengan pekerja sebanyak 3 orang dari PT. Truba Jurong Engineering sewaktu shutdown plant. Untunglah kami mendengar ada suara mechine dihidupkan jadi seketika kami berlari menuju manhole yang ada di atas dan untuk manhole nya cukup besar sehingga badan kami bisa menyangkut di manhole. Kalau tidak menyangkut mungkin tubuh kami sudah disedot ke dalam machne pengering pulp tersebut. Kami pun berteriak-teriak agar machin tersebut di hentikan.
Syukur Alhamdullillah , Allah masih menyelamatkan diri kami. Tapi yang buat saya jengkel bos kami yang kulkarni namanya pura-pura menganggap itu tak terjadi apa-apa. dan cuek aja dan tidak merasa bersalah atas kejadian tersebut.
Setelah saya meninggalkan PT Pec Tech Indonesia Pangkalan Kerinci, akhirnya saya berlabuh di salah satu perusahaan perkebunan yang ada di Medan. Namanya PT. Tolan Tiga Indonesia yang merupakan group dari SIPEF Belgia. Dan Perusahaan ini mempunyai 25 anak perusahaan yang ada di seluruh Indonesia, yaitu di Sumatera Utara, Bengkulu, Jawa Barat, Sumatra Selatan. Posisi saya Assistant Technik / Mill Assistant. Dimana pekerjaannya sebagai supervisor untuk pengwasan pekerjaan di lapangan atau di pabrik.
Untuk pertama kalinya saya ditempatkan di Muko-Muko Bengkulu.
1. PT. Agro Muko Crumb Rubber Factory, (January 2002 - Maret 2003)
2. PT. Simpang Kiri Plantation Indonesia (Maret 2003 - April 2004)
3. PT. Bandar Sumatra Indonesia (April 2004 - June 2005)
4. PT. Tolan Tiga Indonesia "REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION ACEH" (June 2005 - Sept 2005)
Banyak hal yang menarik yang mau saya ceritakan sewaktu bekerja di Tolan Tiga Indonesia, tapi kayaknya terlalu banyak jadi singkat cerita, saya resign dari PT. Tolan Tiga Indonesia karena saya tidak puas dengan apa yang saya dapat di sana yaitu komitmen. Karena sewaktu saya di tempatkan di Banda Aceh, saya dijanjikan aan mendapatkan uang makan perhari Rp. 80 ribu karena saya mandah di sana, dan mendapatan uang sewa rumah dan mendapatkan uang transport. Tapi apa yang saya dapat trnyata uang makan saya dikasih sekitar 300 ribu/bulan, uang transport 500 ribu/bulan dan uang sewa rumah 500 ribu perbulan. Dan ditengah kondisi waktu itu 6 bulan setelah terjadinya Tsunami Aceh.. Dan ditengah kondisi masih ada gempa, panas dan angn kencang..dan harga-harga makan cukup mahal dimana 1 hari saya bisa kena 40 ribu/hari.
Untuk mengirit pengeluaran saya setdak-tidaknya makan indomie goreng hampir setiap makam dan berjalan kaki ke setiap lokasi proyek di Lampo Daya dan Punge Jurong. Makanya dengan kodisi yang seperti itu dan tidak adanya kebijaksanaan dari Perusahaan Tolan Tiga Indonesia. Saya memutuskan untuk mencari pekerjaan lain. Saya kurang suka dengan orang yang tidak bisa menjaga komitmennya Dan saya pun berusaha untuk menjaga komitmen saya. Tapi karena tidak adana komitmen dari perusahaan akhirnya saya mencari pekerjaan lain di luar Banda Aceh, baik itu menghubungi teman-teman saya atau melalui internet.
Singkat cerita akhirnya saya dapat pekerjaan di Duri Riau dimana lokasinya dekat dengan tempat tinggal keluarga saya di Pekanbaru.
September 2005 awal mula saya bekerja di PT. TRIPATRA FLOUR CONSORTIUM Duri untuk Project Flexible Program Management di PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia Duri.
Saya disini ditempatkan di Engineering Department - awal masuk sebagai Design Engineer - Piping dan Terakhir sebagai Senior Design Engineer - Piping & Mechanical. Saya bekerja di sini dari September 2005 - Mei 2009 dan pekerjaannya adalah membuat scope of work piping, estimate manhours, mambuat deliverable list, piping layout, equipment layout and section, isometric layout, bill of materials dan lain-lain yang hubungan dengan pekerjaan saya.
Saat ini saya masih bekerja di salah satu Perusahaan Engineering Consultant di Duri Riau..Areal kerja di Dalam Lingkungan Complek PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia, tugasnya sebagai engineering consultant untuk project yang berhubungan dengan Tanki dan Pipa. Posisi Saya Senior Mechanical Engineer disamping pekerjaan Mechanical juga mengerjakan pekerjaan Piping. Tapi sebenarnya experences saya banyak di Piping Design Engineering tapi berhubung yang dapat posisi tersebut jadi mau tak mau diambil juga dan setidak-tidaknya dapat menambah ilmu mengenai mechanical.
Tapi sebentar lagi kontrak saya berakhir dan saya harus mencari pekerjaan baru lagi dan mau nya yang sesuai dengan bidang saya Piping Design tapi bila nggak ada juga , apapun pekerjaannya yang penting halal dan cocok gaji yang ditawarkan. Tolong bantuannya untuk mencarikan pekerjaan sebagai Senior Piping Engineer. ....
Duri, 30 September 2010.... Tak Lekang Oleh Waktu..
Wednesday, September 29, 2010
JOINT ME FOR TO STUDY OF API 570 EXAM ?
I would like to follow the exam of API 570 (Piping Inspector) for this December 2010.. I have already registered to API representative in Indonesia . The Company is Oil Institut the website is http://www.oilinstitut.com/. You can search the website and contact them if you like to get API 570 Inspector.
And you can find there how much the cost and others and also the guide ways for getting the API 570 exam.
Actually I have already followed the preparation couse of API 570 in Oil Institut Batam on January 2010, Because the price is very chief so I just followed the Training only , may be If I have some of money, I will get the API 570 Exam. Actually the exam of API 570 for years of 2010 is on 2 Juni 2010, 22 September 2010 and 1 December 2010. I saw the calender from API that I got on the training.
I have a plan to follow the exam on June 2010, but I still do not have a money yet, So I can not follow the exam on June 2010. So I plan to next Septemnber 2010, And I hve sme problem , Do not have money. I can't followed API 570 exam on Sepetember 2010. Now I have a plan to follow the API 570 exam on December 2010 and I have already register. the truth is I do not have money to follow the exam, but my feeling is strong and say" I should follow the exam on Decembr 2010.
Thank's God..., I have a friend that would like to borrow me the money..the Exam price is USD 950. to follow the exam in Indonesia.
I have already booked the chair of API 570 Exam. But the problem the range time from January 2010 to December 2010 is 10 months. and I was forgot the information from the lecturer of The API 570 preparation course. And I shoud pass the exam because I shoud sent it back the money to my friend.
So I would like to study of API 570 (Piping Inspector) Exam and Pass it. Because heard that the man who will pass the exam, the answerd shoud be have 80.
So I should study hard because I have only 2 months to study and read to help me to pass the exam.
As per my posted before about the materials that shoud read on API 570 preparation course.
Tomorrow , I would like to see the standard of API 570 first before and we study together for the preparation. Nw bac to work
If you wanna joint to to the forum, please send me email piping_engineer88@yahoo.com
and we can study together
Duri, 28 September 2010
And you can find there how much the cost and others and also the guide ways for getting the API 570 exam.
Actually I have already followed the preparation couse of API 570 in Oil Institut Batam on January 2010, Because the price is very chief so I just followed the Training only , may be If I have some of money, I will get the API 570 Exam. Actually the exam of API 570 for years of 2010 is on 2 Juni 2010, 22 September 2010 and 1 December 2010. I saw the calender from API that I got on the training.
I have a plan to follow the exam on June 2010, but I still do not have a money yet, So I can not follow the exam on June 2010. So I plan to next Septemnber 2010, And I hve sme problem , Do not have money. I can't followed API 570 exam on Sepetember 2010. Now I have a plan to follow the API 570 exam on December 2010 and I have already register. the truth is I do not have money to follow the exam, but my feeling is strong and say" I should follow the exam on Decembr 2010.
Thank's God..., I have a friend that would like to borrow me the money..the Exam price is USD 950. to follow the exam in Indonesia.
I have already booked the chair of API 570 Exam. But the problem the range time from January 2010 to December 2010 is 10 months. and I was forgot the information from the lecturer of The API 570 preparation course. And I shoud pass the exam because I shoud sent it back the money to my friend.
So I would like to study of API 570 (Piping Inspector) Exam and Pass it. Because heard that the man who will pass the exam, the answerd shoud be have 80.
So I should study hard because I have only 2 months to study and read to help me to pass the exam.
As per my posted before about the materials that shoud read on API 570 preparation course.
Tomorrow , I would like to see the standard of API 570 first before and we study together for the preparation. Nw bac to work
If you wanna joint to to the forum, please send me email piping_engineer88@yahoo.com
and we can study together
Duri, 28 September 2010
Tuesday, September 28, 2010
ALL ABOUT INTERNATIONAL VALVE'S STANDARDS
Here I enclosed the International standard of the valve that are using in the piping system. The valves selection is on the Client Spec. This information , I got when I seaching in http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/.
And In that website you can get many information about the piping system and others.
This International Standard are API, DIN, ISO, ASME, ASTM, BS, GB, JB. Most of standards is from USA, Japan, British, Germany. If you confused you can dowload more in http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/
Here the list of the Valve International base on the International Standards,
API - Valve Standards
An overview of the American Petroleum Institute - API - valve standards
Valve standards from API - the American Petroleum Institute:
• API SPEC 6D
Specification for Pipeline Valves. API Specification 6D is an adoption of ISO 14313: 1999, Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries-Pipeline Transportation Systems-Pipeline Valves. This International Standard specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, manufacturing, testing and documentation of ball, check, gate and plug valves for application in pipeline systems.
• API 526
Flanged Steel Pressure Relief Valves. The standard is a purchase specification for flanged steel pressure relief valves. Basic requirements are given for direct spring-loaded pressure relief valves and pilot-operated pressure relief valves as follows: orifice designation and area; valve size and pressure rating, inlet and outlet; materials; pressure-temperature limits; and center-to-face dimensions, inlet and outlet.
• API 527
Seat Tightness of Pressure Relief Valves R(2002). Describes methods of determining the seat tightness of metal- and soft-seated pressure relief valves, including those of conventional, bellows, and pilot-operated designs.
• ANSI/API STD 594
Check Valves: Flanged, Lug, Wafer and Butt-welding. API Standard 594 covers design, material, face-to-face dimensions, pressure-temperature ratings, and examination, inspection, and test requirements for two types of check valves.
• API 598
Valve Inspection and Testing. The standard covers inspection, supplementary examination, and pressure test requirements for both resilient-seated and metal-to-metal seated gate, globe, plug, ball, check, and butterfly valves. Pertains to inspection by the purchaser and to any supplementary examinations the purchaser may require at the valve manufacturer's plant.
• ANSI/API 599
Metal Plug Valves - Flanged, Threaded and Welding Ends. A purchase specification that covers requirements for metal plug valves with flanged or butt-welding ends, and ductile iron plug valves with flanged ends, in sizes NPS 1 through NPS 24, which correspond to nominal pipe sizes in ASME B36.10M. Valve bodies conforming to ASME B16.34 may have flanged end and one butt-welding end. It also covers both lubricated and nonlubricated valves that have two-way coaxial ports, and includes requirements for valves fitted with internal body, plug, or port linings or applied hard facings on the body, body ports, plug, or plug port.
• ANSI/API 600
Bolted Bonnet Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Modified National Adoption of ISO 10434:1998.
• API 602
Compact Steel Gate Valves - Flanged, Threaded, Welding, and Extended-Body Ends. The standard covers threaded-end, socket-welding-end, butt-welding-end, and flanged-end compact carbon steel gate valves in sizes NPS4 and smaller.
• ANSI/API 603
Corrosion-Resistant, Bolted Bonnet Gate Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends. The standard covers corrosion-resistant bolted bonnet gate valves with flanged or butt-weld ends in sizes NPS 1/2 through 24, corresponding to nominal pipe sizes in ASME B36.10M, and Classes 150, 300, and, 600, as specified in ASME B16.34.
• ANSI/API 607
Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter Turn Valves. The standard covers the requirements for testing and evaluating the performance of straightway, soft-seated quarter-turn valves when the valves are exposed to certain fire conditions defined in this standard. The procedures described in this standard apply to all classes and sizes of such valves that are made of materials listed in ASME B16.34.
• API 609
Butterfly Valves: Double Flanged, Lug- and Wafer-Type. The standard covers design, materials, face-to-face dimensions, pressure-temperature ratings, and examination, inspection, and test requirements for gray iron, ductile iron, bronze, steel, nickel-base alloy, or special alloy butterfly valves that provide tight shutoff in the closed position and are suitable for flow regulation.
• API 6FA
Specification for Fire Test for Valves. The standard covers the requirements for testing and evaluating the performance of API Spec 6A and Spec 6D valves when exposed to specifically defined fire conditions.
• API 6FC
Fire Test for Valve with Automatic Backseats. The standard covers the requirements for testing and evaluating the performance of API Spec 6A and Spec 6D valves with automatic backseats when exposed to specifically defined fire conditions.
• API 6RS
Referenced Standards for Committee 6, Standardization of Valves and Wellhead Equipment.
• API 11V6
Design of Continuous Flow Gas Lift Installations Using Injection Pressure Operated Valves. The standard sets guidelines for continuous flow gas lift installation designs using injection pressure operated valves.
• ANSI/API RP 11V7
Recommended Practice for Repair, Testing, and Setting Gas Lift Valves. The standard applies to repair, testing, and setting gas lift valves and reverse flow (check) valves.
• API 520-1
Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refineries: Part I - Sizing and Selection. The recommended practice applies to the sizing and selection of pressure relief devices used in refineries and related industries for equipment that has a maximum allowable working pressure of 15 psig (1.03 bar g or 103 kPa g) or greater.
• API 520-2
Recommended Practice 520: Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refineries-Part II, Installation. The recommended practice covers methods of installation for pressure-relief devices for equipment that has a maximum allowable working pressure of 15 psig (1.03 bar g or 103 kPa g) or greater. It covers gas, vapor, steam, two-phase and incompressible fluid service.
• ANSI/API 574
Inspection Practices for Piping System Components. The standard covers the inspection of piping, tubing, valves (other than control valves) and fittings used in petroleum refineries.
• ANSI/API 576
Inspection of Pressure Relieving Devices. The recommended practice describes the inspection and repair practices for automatic pressure-relieving devices commonly used in the oil and petrochemical industries.
• ANSI/API 608
Metal Ball Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends. The standard covers Class 150 and Class 300 metal ball valves that have either butt-welding or flanged ends and are for use in on-off service.
An overview of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME - valve standards
Common valve standards from American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME:
• ASME A105/105M
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for piping applications
• ASME A181/181M
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for General purpose piping
• ASME A182/182M
Standard Specification for forged or rolled alloy-steel pipe flanges, forged fittings and valves and parts for high-temperature service
• ASME A727/727M
Standard specification for carbon steel forgings for piping components with inherent notch toughness
• ASME A961
Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, valves, and Parts for Piping Applications
• ASME B16.10
Face to Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves
• ASME B16.34
Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
• ASME B462
Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled UNS N08020, UNS N08024, UNS N08026, UNS N08367, and UNS R20033 Alloy Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for Corrosive High-Temperature Service
• ASME B834
Standard Specification for Pressure Consolidated Powder Metallurgy Iron-Nickel- Chromium-Molybdenum (UNS N08367) and Nickel- Chromium Molybdenum Columbium (Nb) (UNS N06625) Alloy Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts
• ASME D5500
Standard Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
• ASME F885
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Bronze Globe Valves NPS 1/4 to 2 El-1996 R(1996)
• ASME F992
Standard Specification for Valve Label Plates El-1997 R(1997)
• ASME F993
Standard Specification for Valve Locking Devices El-1997 R(1997)
• ASME F1020
Standard Specification for Line-Blind Valves for marine Applications El-1996 RI'1996)
• ASME F1098
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Butterfly Valves - NPS 2 to 24 EI-1993 R(1993)
• ASME F1271
Standard Specification for Spill Valves for Use in Marine Tank Liquid Overpressure Protections Applications EI-1995 R (1995)
• ASME F1370
Standard Specification for Pressure Reducing valves for Water Systems, Shipboard
• ASME F1508
Standard Specification for Angle Style, Pressure Relief Valves for Steam, Gas, and Liquid Services
• ASME F1565
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Steam Service
• ASME F1792
Standard Specification for Special Requirements for Valves Used in Gaseous Oxygen Service
• ASME F1793
Standard Specification for Automatic Shut-Off Valves (Also Known as Excess Flow Valves, EFV) for Air or Nitrogen Service
• ASME F1794
Standard Specification for Hand operated, Globe-Style Valves for Gas (Except Oxygen Gas), and Hydraulic Systems
• ASME F1795
Standard specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Air or Nitrogen Systems
• ASME A230
Standard specification for steel wire oil - tempered carbon valve spring quality
• ASME A232
Standard specification for chromium - vanadium alloy steel valve spring quality
• ASME A350
Standard specification for forged or rolled carbon and alloy steel flanges forged fittings and valves and parts for low - temperature service
• ASME A338
Standard specification for ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings
• ASME A694
Standard specification for forgings carbon and alloy steel for pipe flanges fittings valves and parts for high - pressure transmission service
• ASME A404
Standards specification for forged or rolled alloy - steel pipe flanges forged fittings and valves and parts specially heat treated for high temperature service
• ASME A522
Forged or rolled 8% and 9% nickel alloy steel flanges fittings valves and parts for low - temperature service
An overview of ASTM International - American Society for Testing and Materials - valve standards
• ASTM A126-04
Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and Pipe Fittings
• ASTM A182/A182M-04
Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service
• ASTM A338
Standard Specification for Malleable Iron Flanges, Pipe Fittings, and Valve Parts for Railroad, Marine, and Other Heavy Duty Service at Temperatures Up to 650�F (345�C)
• ASTM A522/A522M-01
Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled 8 and 9% Nickel Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Low-Temperature Service
• ASTM A694/A694M-03
Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service
• ASTM A961-04
Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Piping Applications
• ASTM A988/A988M
Standard Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Stainless Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service
• ASTM A989/A989M
Standard Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service
• ASTM B61-2
Standard Specification for Steam or Valve Bronze Castings
• ASTM B763
Standard Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings for Valve Application
• ASTM B834
Standard Specification for Pressure Consolidated Powder Metallurgy Iron-Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum (UNS N08367) and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Columbium (Nb) (UNS N06625) Alloy Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts
• ASTM C1129
Standard Practice for Estimation of Heat Savings by Adding Thermal Insulation to Bare Valves and Flanges
• ASTM F885
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Bronze Globe Valves NPS 1/4 to 2
• ASTM F992
Standard Specification for Valve Label Plates
• ASTM F993
Standard Specification for Valve Locking Devices
• ASTM F1020
Standard Specification for Line-Blind Valves for Marine Applications
• ASTM F1030
Standard Practice for Selection of Valve Operators
• ASTM F1098
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Butterfly Valves-NPS 2 to 24
• ASTM F1271
Standard Specification for Spill Valves for Use in Marine Tank Liquid Overpressure Protections Applications
• ASTM F1370
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Water Systems, Shipboard
• ASTM F1394
Standard Test Method for Determination of Particle Contribution from Gas Distribution System Valves
• ASTM F1565
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Steam Service
• ASTM F1792
Standard Specification for Special Requirements for Valves Used in Gaseous Oxygen Service
• ASTM F1793
Standard Specification for Automatic Shut-Off Valves (Also Known as Excess Flow Valves, EFV) for Air Or Nitrogen Service
• ASTM F1794
Standard Specification for Hand-Operated, Globe-Style Valves for Gas (Except Oxygen Gas), and Hydraulic Systems
• ASTM F1795
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Air or Nitrogen Systems
• ASTM F1802
Standard Test Method for Performance Testing of Excess Flow Valves
• ASTM F1970
Standard Specification for Special Engineered Fittings, Appurtenances or Valves for use in Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) or Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Systems
• ASTM F1985
Standard Specification for Pneumatic-Operated, Globe-Style, Control Valves
• ASTM F2138
Standard Specification for Excess Flow Valves for Natural Gas Service
• ASTM F2215
Standard Specification for Balls, Bearings, Ferrous and Nonferrous for Use in Bearings, Valves, and Bearing Applications
• ASTM F2324
Standard Test Method for Prerinse Spray Valves
An overview of BSi - British Standard institute valve standards
• BS 341-1:1991
Transportable gas container valves. Specification for industrial valves for working pressures up to and including 300 bar (REPLACED by BS EN 14189:2003) , BS 341-3:2002) , BS EN 849:1997) , BS EN ISO 13340:2001) , BS EN ISO 14246:2001) , BS 341-4:2004)
• BS 341-2:1963
Transportable Gas Container Valves. Valves with Taper Stems for Use with Breathing Apparatus. (REPLACED by BS 341-1:1991) , BS EN 849:1997) , BS EN ISO 12209-1:2001) , BS EN ISO 12209-2:2001) , BS EN ISO 12209-3:2001)
• BS 341-3:2002
Transportable gas container valves. Valve outlet connections
• BS 341-4:2004
Transportable gas container valves. Pressure relief devices
• BS 759-1:1984
Valves, gauges and other safety fittings for application to boilers and to piping installations for and in connection with boilers. Specification for valves, mountings and fittings
• BS 1123-1:1990
Safety valves, gauges and fusible plugs for compressed air or inert gas installations - Code of practice for installation
• BS 1212-1:1990
Float operated valves - Specification for piston type float operated valves (copper alloy body) (excluding floats)
• BS 1212-1:1990
Float operated valves - Specification for piston type float operated valves (copper alloy body) (excluding floats)
• BS 1212-3:1990
Float operated valves - Specification for diaphragm type float operated valves (plastics bodied) for cold water services only (excluding floats)
• BS 1212-4:1990
Float operated valves - Specification for compact type float operated valves for WC flushing cisterns (including floats)
• BS 1552:2004
Specification for open bottomed taper plug valves for 1st, 2nd and 3rd family gases up to 200 mbar
• BS 1570:1960
Flanged and but weld-welding end steel plug valves for the petroleum industry (excluding well -head and flow-line valves)
• BS1655:1976
Flanged automatic control valves for the process control industry (face to face dimensions)
• BS 1735:1966
Flanged cast iron outside-screw-and-yoke wedge gate valve, class 125, sizes 1 1/3 in to 24 in, for the petroleum industry
• BS 1868:1975
Specification for steel check valves (flanged and butt-welding ends) for the petroleum, petrochemical and allied industries
• BS 1873:1975
Specification for steel globe and globe stop and check valves (flanged and butt-welding ends) for the petroleum, petrochemical and allied industries
• BS1952:2000
Copper alloy valves for general purposes
• BS1953:2000
Copper alloy check valves for general purposes
• BS1963:1990
Specification for pressure operated relay valves for domestic, commercial and catering gas appliances
• BS 1968:1953
Specification for floats for ball valves (copper)
• BS2060:2000
Copper alloy screw down stop valves for general purposes
• BS2080:1995
Specification for face to face, center to face, end to end and center to end dimensions of valves
• BS 2456:1990
Specification for floats (plastics) for float operated valves for cold water services
• BS 2879:1980
Specification for draining taps (screw-down pattern)
• BS2995:1966
Cast and forged steel wedge gate, globe, check and plug valve, screwed and socket welding, sizes 2 in and smaller, for the petroleum industry
• BS 3457:1973
Specification for materials for water tap and stop valve seat washers
• BS 3464:2000
Cast iron wedge and double disk gate valves for general purposes
• BS3808:1964
Cast and forged steel flanged, screwed and socket welding wedge gate valves (compact design), sizes 2 in and smaller, for the petroleum industry
• BS3948:1965
Cast iron parallel slide valves for general purposes
• BS3952:1965
Cast iron butterfly valves for general purposes
• BS3961:1965
Cast iron screw down stop valves and stop and check valves for general purposes
• BS 4062-1:1982
Valves for hydraulic fluid power systems - Methods for determining pressure differential/flow characteristics
• BS 4062-2:1990
Valves for hydraulic fluid power systems - Methods for determining performance
• BS4090:1966
Cast iron check valves for general purposes
• BS4133:1967
Flanged steel parallel slide valves for general purposes
• BS4312:1968
Flanged steel screw down stop valves and check valves for general purposes
• BS 4460:1969
Steel ball valves for the petroleum industry
• BS 5041:1987
Fire hydrant systems equipment - Specification for landing valves for wet risers
• BS 5146 P1:1984
Steel valves for the petrochemical and allied industries
• BS 5150:1990 - Withdrawn, Superseded
Specification for cast iron gate valves
• BS 5151:1982 - Withdrawn, Superseded
Specification for cast iron gate (parallel slide) valves for general purposes
• BS 5152:1989 - Withdrawn, Superseded
Cast iron globe & globe stop and check valves
• BS 5153:1989 - Withdrawn, Superseded
Cast iron check valves for general purposes
• BS 5154:1991
Specification for copper alloy globe, globe stop and check, check and gate valves
• BS 5155:1992
Specification for butterfly valves
• BS 5156:1990
Specification for diaphragm valves
• BS 5157:1989
Specification for steel gate (parallel slide) valves
• BS 5158:1989
Specification for cast iron plug valves
• BS 5159:1982
Cast iron and carbon steel ball valves for general purposes
• BS 5160:1989
Specification for steel globe valves, globe stop and check valves and lift type check valves
• BS 5163:1991
Specification for predominantly key-operated cast iron gate valves for waterworks purposes
• BS 5351:1990
Steel ball valves for petroleum, petrochemical and allied industries
• BS 5352:1990
Steel wedge gate, globe and check valves 50mm and small
• BS 5353:1989
Specification for steel plug valves
• BS 5417:1976
Testing of general purpose industrial valves
• BS 5418:1984
Specification for marking of general purpose industrial valves
• BS 5672:1991
Specification for designation of the direction of retation and of cylinders and valves in cylinder heads, and definition of right-hand and left-hand in-line engines and locations on engines for reciprocating internal combustion engines
• BS 5793-4:1987
Industrial-process control valves - Specification for inspection and routine testing
• BS 5793-6:1986
Industrial-process control valves - Specification for mounting details for attachment of positioners to control valve actuators
• BS 5834-1:1985
Surface boxes, guards and underground chambers for gas and waterworks purposes - Specification for guards, including foundation units
• BS 5834-2:1983
Surface boxes, guards and underground chambers for gas and waterworks purposes - Specification for small surface boxes
• BS 5834-3:1985
Surface boxes, guards and underground chambers for gas and waterworks purposes - Specification for large surface boxes
• BS 5834-4:1989
Surface boxes, guards and underground chambers for gas and waterworks purposes - Specification for preformed chambers
• BS 5995:1980
Methods of test for electrohydraulic servovalves
• BS 6282-2:1982
Devices with moving parts for the prevention of contamination of water by backflow - Specification for check valves of nominal size up to and including DN 54
• BS 6282-3:1982
Devices with moving parts for the prevention of contamination of water by backflow - Specification for in-line anti-vacuum valves of nominal size up to and including DN 42
• BS 6282-4:1982
Devices with moving parts for the prevention of contamination of water by backflow - Specification for combined check and anti-vacuum valves of nominal size up to and including DN 42
• BS 6283-2:1991
Safety and control devices for use in hot water systems - Specifications for temperature relief valves for pressures from 1 bar to 10 bar
• BS 6283-4:1991
Safety and control devices for use in hot water systems - Specification for drop-tight pressure reducing valves of nominal size up to and including DN 50 for supply pressures up to and including 12 bar
• BS 6494-4:1989
Hydraulic fluid power valve mounting surfaces - Specification for clamping dimensions of four-part, size 03 and 05, modular stack valves and directional control valves
• BS 6675:1986
Specification for servicing valves (copper alloy) for water services
• BS 6683:1985
Guide to installation and use of valves
• BS 6697:1986
Methods of test for electrohydraulic proportional control valves
• BS 6755-2:1987
Testing of valves - Specification for fire type-testing requirements
• BS 6759-1:1995
Safety valves - Part 1. Specification for safety valves for steam and hot water
• BS 6759-2:1997
Safety valves - Part 2. Safety valves for compressed air or inert gas
• BS 6759-3:1995
Safety valves - Part 3. Specification for safety valves for process fluids
• BS 6821:1988
Methods for aerodynamic testing of dampers and valves
• BS 7296-1:1990
Cavities for hydraulic fluid power cartridge valves - specification for two-port slip-in valves
• BS 7350:1990
Specification for double regulating globe valves and flow measurement devices for heating and chilled water systems
• BS 7389-1:1990
Pneumatic fluid power valve mounting surfaces - specification for five-port directional control valves (without electrical motor)
• BS 7438:1991
Specification steel and copper alloy waffer check valves, single disk, spring-loaded type
• BS EN 488:2003
District heating pipes - Preinsulated bonded pipe systems for directly buried hot water networks - Steel valve assembly for steel service pipes, polyurethane thermal insulation and outer casing of polyethylene
• BS EN 558-1:1996
Industrial values face to face and center to face dimensions of metal valves for use in flanged pipe systems. Part 1 PN designated valves
• BS EN 558-2:1996
Industrial valves face to face and center to face dimensions of metal valves for use in flanged piping systems. Part 2 class-designated valves
• BS EN 561:2002
Gas welding equipment - Quick-action coupling with shut-off valves for welding, cutting and allied processes
• BS EN 736-1:1995
Valves - Terminology - Definition of types of valves
• BS EN 736-2:1997
Valves - Terminology - Definition of components of valves
• BS EN 816:1997
Sanitary tapware - Automatic shut-off valves PN 10
• BS EN 917:1997
Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics valves - Test methods for resistance to internal pressure and leaktightness
• BS EN 1092-2:1997
Flanges and their joints - Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN designated - Cast iron flanges
• BS EN 1112:1997
Shower outlets for (PN 10) sanitary tapware
• BS EN 1680:1997
Plastics piping systems - Valves for polyethylene (PE) piping systems - Test method for leaktightness under and after bending applied to the operating mechanism
• BS EN 1704:1997
Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics valves - Test method for the integrity of a valve after temperature cycling under bending
• BS EN 1705:1997
Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics valves - Test method for the integrity of a valve after an external blow
• BS EN 12119:1997
Plastics piping systems - Polyethylene (PE) valves - Test method for resistance to thermal cycling
• BS EN 14141:2003
Valves for natural gas transportation in pipelines - Performance requirements and tests
• BS EN 14189:2003
Transportable gas cylinders. Inspection and maintenance of cylinder valves at time of periodic inspection of gas cylinders. Partially replaces BS 341-1:1991
• BS EN 28233:1992
Thermoplastics valves - Torque - Test method
• BS EN 28659:1992
Thermoplastics valves - Fatigue strength - Test method
• BS EN 60534-1:1989
Industrial-process control valves - Industrial-process control valves - Control valve terminology and general considerations
• BS EN 60534-2-1:1999
Industrial-process control valves - Flow capacity - Flow capacity - Sizing equations for fluid flow under installed conditions
• BS EN 60534-2-3:1998
Industrial-process control valves - Flow capacity - Test procedures
• BS EN 60534-2-5:2003
Industrial-process control valves - Flow capacity - Sizing equations for fluid flow through multistage control valves with interstage recovery
• BS EN 60534-3-1:2000
Industrial-process control valves - Dimensions - Face-to-face dimensions for flanged, two-way, globe-type, straight pattern and centre-to-face dimensions for flanged, two-way, globe-type, angle pattern control valves
• BS EN 60534-3-2:2001
Industrial-process control valves - Dimensions - Face-to-face dimensions for rotary control valves except butterfly valves
• BS EN 60534-3-3:1998
Industrial-process control valves - Dimensions - End-to-end dimensions for buttweld, two-way, globe-type, straight pattern control valves
• BS EN 60534-5:2004
Industrial-process control valves - Marking
• BS EN 60534-6-1:1998
Industrial-process control valves - Mounting details for attachment of positioners to control valves - Positioner mounting on linear actuators
• BS EN 60534-6-2:2001
Industrial-process control valves - Mounting details for attachment of positioners to control valves - Positioner mounting on rotary actuators
• BS EN 60534-8-1:2001
Industrial-process control valves - Noise considerations - Laboratory measurement of noise generated by aerodynamic flow through control valves
• BS EN 60534-8-2:1991
Industrial-process control valves - Noise considerations - Laboratory measurement of noise generated by hydrodynamic flow through control valves
• BS EN 60534-8-3:2000
Industrial-process control valves - Noise considerations - Control valve aerodynamic noise prediction method
• BS EN 60534-8-4:1994
Industrial-process control valves - Noise considerations - Prediction of noise generated by hydrodynamic flow
• BS EN 60730-2-8:2002
Specification for automatic electrical controls for household and similar use - Particular requirements - Particular requirements for electrically operated water valves, including mechanical requirements
• BS EN ISO 5210:1996
Industrial valves - Multi-turn valve actuator attachments
• BS ISO 4401:1996
Hydraulic fluid power - Four-port directional control valves - Mounting surfaces
• BS ISO 6263:1997
Hydraulic fluid power - Compensated flow-control valves - Mounting surfaces
Chinese valve standards compared with the international ISO, ASTM , ASME, ANSI, MSS, API and JIS standards
Chinese Standard Code Num. Chinese Standard Name Adopting Standard
GB12220 General valve -- marking ISO 5209
GB12221 Flanged ends metal valve - face-to-face dimensions ISO 5752
GB12222 Multi-turn valve -- connection of driving device ISO 5210/1 - 3
GB12223 Part-turn valve -- connection of driving device ISO 5211/1 - 3
GB12224 Steel valve - general requirements ANSI B16.34
GB12225 General valve -- copper alloy casting ware technology requirements ASTM B584
GB12226 General valve -- gray casting iron technology requirements ISO 185,BS 1452
GB12228 General valve -- carbon forging steel technology requirements ASTM A 105,A181
GB12229 General valve -- carbon casting steel technology requirements ASTM A703
GB12230 General valve --- Ad casting steel technology requirements ASTM A351
GB12232 General valve -- flanged ends iron gate valve ISO5996-1982,
API 595
GB12233 General valve -- iron gate valve and lift check valve BS5152,5153
GB12234 General valve -- flanged and butt-welding ends copper gate valve API 600
GB12237 General valve -- flanged and butt-welding ends steel ball valve ISO7121, API 607
GB12238 General valve -- flanged and wafer ends butterfly valve BS5155
GB12239 General valve -- diaphragm valve BS5156,NFE29
GB12240 General valve -- iron plug valve API 593
GB12241 Safety valve -- general requirements ISO 4126
GB12242 Safety valve -- characteristic testing solution ANSI/ASME PTC25.3
GB12243 Direct spring loaded safety valve JIS B 8210
GB12244 Pressure reducing valve - general requirements JIS B 8372,B8410
GB12245 Pressure reducing valve - characteristic testing solution JIS B 8372,B8410
GB12246 Pilot operated pressure reducing valve JIS B 8372, DSS405
GB12247 Steam trap valve -- classification ISO 6704
GB12248 Steam trap valve -- technology terms ISO 6552
GB12249 Steam trap valve -- marking ISO 6553
GB12250 Steam trap valve -- face-to-face dimensions ISO 6554
GB12251 Steam trap valve -- testing solution ISO 6948,7841,7842
GB/T13927 General valve -- pressure testing ISO 5208
JB/T6899-93 Valve fire-proof test ISO10497
JB/T7927-95 Valve casting steel ware out-form quality requirements MSS SP55
ZBJ16006-90 Inspection and testing of valve API 598
Chinese standards for steel, cast iron and metal valves
Chinese Standard Code Num. Chinese Standard Name
GB12220 General valve - marking
GB12221 Flanged ends metal valve - face-to-face dimensions
GB12222 Multi-turn valve - connection of driving device
GB12223 Part-turn valve - connection of driving device
GB12224 Steel valve - general requirements
GB12225 General valve - copper alloy casting ware technology requirements
GB12226 General valve - gray casting iron technology requirements
GB12227 General valve - ductile casting iron technology requirements
GB12228 General valve - carbon forging steel technology requirements
GB12229 General valve - carbon casting steel technology requirements
GB12230 General valve - a casting steel technology requirements
GB12232 General valve - flanged ends iron gate valve
GB12233 General valve - iron gate valve and lift check valve
GB12234 General valve - flanged and butt-welding ends copper gate valve
GB12235 General valve - flanged steel stop and lift check valve
GB12236 General valve - steel swing check valve
GB12237 General valve - flanged and butt-welding ends steel ball valve
GB12238 General valve - flanged and wafer ends butterfly valve
GB12239 General valve - diaphragm valve
GB12240 General valve - iron plug valve
GB12241 Safety valve - general requirements
GB12242 Safety valve - characteristic testing solution
GB12243 Direct spring loaded safety valve
GB12244 Pressure reducing valve - general requirements
GB12245 Pressure reducing valve - characteristic testing solution
GB12246 Pilot operated pressure reducing valve
GB12247 Steam trap valve - classification
GB12248 Steam trap valve - technology terms
GB12249 Steam trap valve - marking
GB12250 Steam trap valve - face-to-face dimensions
GB12251 Steam trap valve - testing solution
GB/T13927 General valve - pressure testing
GB/T13932 General valve - iron swing check valve
GB/T15185 Iron and copper ball valve
GB/T15188.1 Valve face-to-face dimensions - butt-welding ends valve
GB/T15188.2 Valve face-to-face dimensions - wafer ends valve
GB/T15188.3 Valve face-to-face dimensions - female screw-down valve
GB/T15188.4 Valve face-to-face dimensions - male screw -down valve
JB93 Handle
JB94 Spanner
JB106 Valve - marking and identifying paint
JB308 Valve - type establishing way
JB/T450 PN16.032.0Mpa forging angle type high-pressure valve, fastener and technology requirements
JB451 Lever type safety valve technology requirements
JB1308 Pg(2500kgf/cm2)valve type and base specification
JB1309 Pg(2500kgf/cm2)valve pipe and fastener technology requirements
JB/T1691 Valve key construction element dimension of stem head
JB1692 Umbrella type hand wheel
JB1693 Plane hand wheel
JB1694 Valve stem nut (1)
JB1695 Valve stem nut (2)
JB1696 Valve stem nut (3)
JB1698 Valve stem nut (5)
JB1699 Valve stem nut (4)
JB1700.1 Locking nut (1)
JB1700.2 Locking nut (2)
JB1701 Valve stem nut (6)
JB1702.1 Bearing gland (1)
JB1702.2 Bearing gland (2)
JB1703 Sleeve liner
JB1706 Pressing sleeve nut
JB1708 Gland
JB1709 T type bolt
JB1712 Asbestos packing
JB1713 Packing seat(1)
JB1716 Packing seat(2)
JB/T1717 Valve construction key element back seat ring dimensions
JB1718 Spacer (1)
JB1719 Spacer (2)
JB1720 Spacer (3)
JB1721 Spacer (4)
JB1726 Valve disc seat
JB1727 Folio circle
JB1728 Stop collar
JB/T1732 Valve construction key element taper sealing face dimensions
JB/T1733 Valve construction key element valve body copper sealing face dimensions
JB/T1734 Valve construction key element wedge disc and valve disc copper sealing face dimensions
JB1735 Foot valve disc sealing ring
JB1736 Swing check valve disc sealing ring
JB1737 Swing check valve disc sealing ring pressing board
JB/T1738 Valve construction key element dimensions of wedge gate valve body slide way and slide way groove
JB/T1739 Valve construction key element dimensions of wedge gate valve body sealing plane clearance and wedge angle
JB/T1740 Valve construction key element dimensions of wedge disc sealing plane
JB1741 Thimble
JB1742 Adjusting ring
JB1747 Packing ring
JB1749 Ammonia valve disc
JB/T1750 Valve construction key element ammonia valve body sealing plane dimensions
JB/T1751-92 Valve construction key element socket welding and fitting pipe head dimension
JB/T1752-92 Valve construction key element male screw ends head dimensions
JB1753-91 Joint ring
JB1754-91 Joint
JB1755-91 Joint nut
JB/T1756-92 Valve construction key element dimensions of bayonet joint ends
JB1757-91 Bayonet
JB1758-91 Bayonet nut
JB1759-91 Bearing ring
JB1760- 91 Six-angle bolt
JB1761-91 Bolt ring
JB/T1762-92 Valve construction key element spanner dimensions
JB2202-77 Direct spring loaded safety valve specification
JB2203-77 Direct spring loaded safety valve face-to-face dimensions
JB2205-77 Reducing valve face-to-face dimensions
JB2206-77 Reducing valve technology requirements
JB2311-78 Ball valve technology requirements
JB2765-81 Valve technology terms
JB2766-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa dimensions of forging high-pressure valve
JB/T2768-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa Pipe, piping fitting, valve head dimensions
JB/T2769-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa screw flange
JB/T2770-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa joint nut
JB/T2771-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa joint
JB/T2772-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa Blind plate
JB/T2773-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa double head bolt
JB/T2774-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa double bolt ends and thread hole dimensions
JB/T2775-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa nut
JB/T2776-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa lens ring
JB/T2777-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa Non-hole lens ring
JB/T2778-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa temperature marking of pipe and fastener
JB3328-83 Air jar valve and pipe-line valve
JB3339-83 Little type medical air jar frame type valve connection dimensions
JB5206.1-91 Packing gland (1)
JB5206.2-91 Packing gland (2)
JB5206.3-91 Packing gland (3)
JB5207-91 Packing pressing plate
JB5208-91 Separating circle
JB5209-91 Plastics packing
JB5210-91 Back sealing ring
JB5211-91 Gate valve seat ring
JB/T5296-91 General valve testing way of flow rate coefficient and flow resistant coefficient
JB/T5298-91 Steel plate gate valve for pipe line using
JB/T5299-91 General valve Hydraulic actuator butterfly type check valve
JB/T5300-91 General valve material
JB/T6438-92 Valve sealing face plasma arc welding - technology requirements
JB/T6439-92 Valve pressing casting steel ware - magnetism powder flaw detector inspection
JB/T6440-92 Valve pressing casting steel ware - rax irradiating inspection
JB/T6441-92 Safety valve for compressor purpose
JB/T6495-92 Valve construction key element Gate valve (or disc) T type groove dimensions
JB/T6496-92 Valve construction key element packing dimensions
JB/T6497-92 Valve construction key element stem head dimensions
JB/T6498-92 Valve construction key element disc and stem connection groove dimensions
JB/T6899-93 Valve fire-proof test
JB/T6900-93 Draught valve
JB/T6901-93 Seal type glasses valve
JB/T6902-93 Valve casting steel ware hydraulic penetrating inspection way
JB/T6903-93 Valve forging steel ware super wave inspection way
JB/T6904-93 Inspection and testing of air jar valve
JB/T7248-94 Technology terms of low temperature casting steel for valve purpose
JB/T7744-95 Valve sealing face alloy powder for plasma arc welding
JB/T7745-95 Pipe line ball valve
JB/T7746-95 Diameter-shrinking forging steel valve
JB/T7747-95 Needle type stop valve
JB/T7748-95 Valve clearance degree and inspection way
JB/T7749-95 Technology terms of sub-zero valve
JB/T7927-95 Valve casting steel ware out-form quality requirements
JB/T7928-95 General valve offer requirements
JB/Z243-85 Gate valve static pressure length of life test rules
JB/Z244-85 Stop valve static pressure length of life test rules
JB/Z245-85 Plug valve static pressure length of life test rules
JB/Z246-85 Ball valve static pressure length of life test rules
JB/Z247-85 Valve - electrically device length of life test rules
JB/Z248-85 Butterfly valve static pressure length of life test rules
ZBJ16002-87 Valve electrically driving apparatus technology terms
ZBJ16004-88 Reducing valve type and basing coefficient
ZBJ16006-90 Inspection and testing of valve
ZBJ16007-90 Steam trap valve technology terms
ZBJ16008-90 Hydraulic petroleum gas device urgent shut down valve - technology terms
ZBJ16009-90 Valve pneumatic actuator technology terms
JB/T8473-96 Instrument valve series
JB/T8528-97 General valve electric actuator - technology terms
JB/T8527-97 Metal sealing butterfly valve
JB/T8529-97 Explosion-proof type valve electric actuator - technology terms
JB/T8530-97 Valve electric actuator - type establishing way
JB/T8531-97 Valve manual actuator - technology terms
JB/T8670-97 YBDF2 series explosion-proof three-phase asynchronous generator for valve electric actuator purpose - technology terms
An overview of DIN - Deutsches Institut für Normung - valve standards
valve related standards:
• DIN 475-1
Widths across flats for bolts, screws, valves and fittings
• DIN 475-2
Wrench and socket openings
• DIN 477-1
Gas cylinder valves rated for test pressures up to 300 bar; types, sizes and outlets
• DIN 477-4
Compressed gas cylinder valves; swing check valves for camping-cylinders
• DIN 477-5
Gas cylinder valves - Part 5: For test pressure up to 450 bar max.; Outlet connections
• DIN 477-6
Gas cylinder valves; test pressures 300 bar and 450 bar, with cylindrical thread for valve stem and gas cylinder neck for breathing apparatus; sizes, threads
• DIN 477-9 (Draft standard)
Gas cylinder valves, for highest grade gases; sizes, connections, threads
• DIN 1690-10
Technical delivery conditions for castings of metallic materials; supplementary requirements for steel castings used for heavy-duty valves
• DIN 3202-4
Face-to-face and center-to-face dimensions of valves; Valves with female thread connection
• DIN 3202-5
Face-to-face and center-to-face dimensions of valves; valves for connection with compression couplings
• DIN 3230-3
Technical delivery conditions for valves; Compilation of test methods
• DIN 3230-4
Technical Conditions of Delivery for Valves; Valves for Potable Water Service, Requirements and Testing
• DIN 3230-5
Technical delivery conditions; valves for gas installations and gas pipelines; requirements and testing
• DIN 3230-6
Technical delivery conditions for valves; requirements and methods of test for valves for use with flammable liquids
• DIN 3266-1
Valves for drinking water installations on private premises; PN 10 pipe interrupters, pipe disconnectors, anti-vacuum valves
• DIN 3266-2
Valves for drinking water installations on private premises; PN 10 pipe interrupters, pipe disconnectors, anti-vacuum valves; testing
• DIN 3320-1
Safety valves; safety shut-off valves; definitions, sizing, marking
• DIN 3320-3 (Draft standard)
Safety valves; safety shut-off valves; center for face dimensions of flanged safety valves to PN 40 and to DN 250 inlet
• DIN 3339
Valves; body component materials
• DIN 3352-1
Gate Valves; General Information
• DIN 3352-2
Cast iron gate valves, with metallic seat and inside screw stem
• DIN 3352-3
Cast iron gate valves, with metallic seat and outside screw stem
• DIN 3352-4
Cast iron gate valves with elastomeric obturator seatings and inside screw stem
• DIN 3352-5
Steel gate valves, isomorphs series
• DIN 3352-13
Double-socket cast iron gate valves, with elastomeric obturator seat and inside screw stem
• DIN 3356-1
Globe valves; General data
• DIN 3356-2
Globe valves; Cast iron stop valves
• DIN 3356-3
Globe valves; Unalloyed steel stop valves
• DIN 3356-4
Globe valves; High temperature steel stop valves
• DIN 3356-5
Globe valves; Stainless steel stop valves
• DIN 3357-1
Metal ball valves; general requirements and methods of test
• DIN 3357-2
Full bore steel ball valves
• DIN 3357-3
Reduced bore steel ball valves
• DIN 3357-4
Full bore nonferrous metal ball valves
• DIN 3357-5
Reduced bore nonferrous metal ball valves
• DIN 3381
Safety devices for gas supply installations operating at working pressures up to 100 bar; pressure relief governors and safety shut-off devices
• DIN 3399
Gas low-pressure cut-off valves; safety requirements, testing
• DIN 3441-1
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves; requirements and testing
• DIN 3441-2
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves; ball valves; dimensions
• DIN 3441-3
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves; diaphragm valves; dimensions
• DIN 3441-4
Valves of Rigid PVC (Unplasticized or Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride); Y-valves (Inclined-seat Valves), Dimensions
• DIN 3441-5
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves; PN 6 and PN 10 wafer type butterfly valves; dimensions
• DIN 3441-6
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (UPVC) valves; gate valves with inside screw stem; dimensions
• DIN 3442-1
Polypropylene (PP) valves; requirements and testing
• DIN 3442-2
Fittings of PP (Polypropylene); Ball valves, Dimensions
• DIN 3442-3
Polypropylene (PP) valves; diaphragm valves; dimensions
• DIN 3475
Spheroidal graphite cast iron valves and fittings provided with internal corrosion protection by means of enamelling, for use in drinking water supply systems; requirements and testing
• DIN 3476
Corrosion protection of water valves and pipe fittings by epoxy powder or liquid epoxy resin linings - Requirements and testing
• DIN 3500
PN 10 piston type gate valves for use in drinking water supply systems
• DIN 3502
Stopvalves for drinking water supplies on and in private property; straight pattern globe valves with oblique bonnet, rated for nominal pressure PN 10
• DIN 3512
Stopvalves for domestic water supply - Two-way valves - Vertical bonnet type PN 10; Straight pattern globe valve; Technical rule of the DVGW
• DIN 3535-1
Sealants for gas supplies; elastomeric gasket materials for gas valves in domestic installations; requirements and tests
• DIN 3535-5
Rubber/cork and rubber/cork synthetic fiber based gasket materials for use with gas valves, gas appliances and gas pipe work
• DIN 3535-6
Gaskets for gas supply - Part 6: Gasket materials based on synthetic fibers, graphite or polytetrafluoroethylen (PTFE) for gas valves, gas appliances and gas mains
• DIN 3537-1
Gas stop valves rated for pressures up to 4 bar; requirements and acceptance testing
• DIN 3543-1
Metal tapping valves; requirements, testing
• DIN 3543-2
Metallic tapping stop valves; dimensions
• DIN 3543-3, Publication date:1978-07
PVC tapping valves for plastic pipes; dimensions
• DIN 3543-4
High density polyethylene (HDPE) tapping valves for HDPE pipes; dimensions
• DIN 3544-1
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) valves; tapping valves; requirements and test
• DIN 3852-1
Ports and stud ends with metric fine pitch thread, for use with compression couplings, valves and screw plugs; Dimensions
• DIN 3852-2
Stud ends and tapped holes with pipe thread, for use with compression couplings, valves and screw plugs; Dimensions
• DIN 3852-11
Stud ends and tapped holes for use with compression couplings, valves and screw plugs - Type E stud end dimensions
• DIN 19208
Flow measurement; mating dimensions and application of shut-off valves for differential pressure transducers and differential pressure piping
• DIN 19578-1
Stop valves for site drainage systems; anti-flooding valves for faucal sewage systems; requirements
• DIN 20042
Water valve, nominal pressure 40 - Dimensions and requirements
• DIN EN 28233
Thermoplastics valves; torques; test method (ISO 8233:1988)
• DIN 30677-1
Corrosion protection of buried valves; coating for normal requirement
• DIN 30677-2
External corrosion protection of buried valves; heavy-duty thermoset plastics coatings
• DIN 32509
Hand-operated shut-off valves for welding, cutting and allied processes - Type of construction, safety requirements, tests
• DIN 42560
Transformers; Throttle-valves NW 80, Dimensions, Tightness Testing
• DIN 74279
Air braking systems - Charging valves
• DIN 86251
Shut off valves for shipboard use, of cast iron, with flanges, DN 15 to 500
• DIN 86252
Non return valves for shipboard use, cut off type, of cast iron, with flanges, DN 15 to 500
• DIN 86260
Shut off valves for shipboard use, of gun metal, with flanges, DN 15 to 500
• DIN 86261
Non return valves for shipboard use, cut off type, of gun metal, with flanges, DN 15 to 500
• DIN 86501
Valves, screwed bonnet type of gun metal with 24�-connection with port end W according to DIN 3861
• DIN 86528
Tab washers for screwed bonnet valves
• DIN 86552
Valves, screwed bonnet type of steel with 24�-connection with port end W according to DIN 3861
• DIN 86720
Gate valves flat sided of gun metal with screwed bonnet and flanges, DN 20 to DN 100, PN 16
• DIN 87101, Publication date:2003-10
Non-return flaps (storm valves), self-closing, vertical type, DN 50 up to DN 150, PN 1 - Mating dimensions for flanges according to PN 10
• DIN 87901
Sniffle valves for pumps
• DIN EN 488
District heating pipes - Preinsulated bonded pipe systems for directly buried hot water networks - Steel valve assembly for steel service pipes, polyurethane thermal insulation and outer casing of polyethylene; German version EN 488:2003
• DIN EN 558-1
Face-to-face and center-to-face dimensions of metal industrial valves for use in flanged pipe systems - PN designated valves
• DIN EN 558-2
Face-to-face and center-to-face dimensions of metal industrial valves for use in flanged pipe systems - Class-designated valves
• DIN EN 736-1
Valves - Terminology - Types of valves
• DIN EN 736-2
Valves - Terminology - Part 2: Definition of components of valves
• DIN EN 736-3
Valves - Terminology - Part 3: Definition of terms (includes Amendment A1:2001); English version of DIN EN 736-3:1999 + A1:2001
• DIN EN 917
Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics valves - Test methods for resistance to internal pressure and leak-tightness
• DIN EN 1092-1
Flanges and their joints - Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories - Part 1: Steel flanges, PN designated
• DIN EN 1092-2
Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN designated - Part 2: Cast iron flanges
• DIN EN 1092-4
Flanges and their joints - Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN designated - Part 4: Aluminium alloy flanges
• DIN EN 1680
Plastics piping systems - Valves for polyethylene (PE) piping systems - Test method for leaktightness under and after bending applied to the operating mechanism
• DIN EN 1705
Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics valves - Test method for the integrity of a valve after an external blow; German version EN 1705:1996
• DIN EN 28233
Thermoplastics valves; torques; test method (ISO 8233:1988)
An overview of International Organization for Standardization - ISO - valve standards
valve standards:
• ISO 683-15:1992
Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels; part 15: valve steels for internal combustion engines
• ISO 4126-1:2004
Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure - Part 1: Safety valves
• ISO 4401:1994
Hydraulic fluid power - Four-port directional control valves - Mounting surfaces
• ISO 4411:1986
Hydraulic fluid power; Valves; Determination of pressure differential/flow characteristics
• ISO 4422-4:1997
Pipes and fittings made of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) for water supply - Specifications - Part 4: Valves and ancillary equipment
• ISO 5208:1993
Industrial valves; pressure testing of valves
• ISO 5209:1977
General purpose industrial valves; Marking
• ISO 5210:1991
Industrial valves; multi-turn valve actuator attachments
• ISO 5211:2001
Industrial valves - Part-turn actuator attachment
• SO 5599-1:2001
Pneumatic fluid power - Five-port directional control valves - Part 1: Mounting interface surfaces without electrical connector
• ISO 5599-2:2001
Pneumatic fluid power - Five-port directional control valves - Part 2: Mounting interface surfaces with optional electrical connector
• ISO 5599-3:1990
Pneumatic fluid power; five-port directional control valves; part 3: code system for communication of valve functions
• ISO 5752:1982
Metal valves for use in flanged pipe systems; Face-to-face and center-to-face dimensions
• ISO 5781:2000
Hydraulic fluid power - Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves - Mounting surfaces
• ISO 5996:1984
Cast iron gate valves
• ISO 6002:1992
Bolted bonnet steel gate valves
• ISO 6182-1:2004
Fire protection - Automatic sprinkler systems - Part 1: Requirements and test methods for sprinklers
• ISO 6182-2:1993
Fire protection; automatic sprinkler systems; part 2: requirements and test methods for wet alarm valves, retard chambers and water motor alarms
• ISO 6182-3:1993
Fire protection; automatic sprinkler systems; part 3: requirements and test methods for dry pipe valves
• ISO 6182-4:1993
Fire protection; automatic sprinkler systems; part 4: requirements and test methods for quick-opening devices
• ISO 6182-5:1995
Fire protection - Automatic sprinkler systems - Part 5: Requirements and test methods for deluge valves
• ISO 6263:1997
Hydraulic fluid power - Compensated flow-control valves - Mounting surfaces
• ISO 6264:1998
Hydraulic fluid power - Pressure-relief valves - Mounting surfaces
• ISO 6403:1988
Hydraulic fluid power; valves controlling flow and pressure; test methods
• ISO 6552:1980
Automatic steam traps; Definition of technical terms
• ISO 6553:1980
Automatic steam traps; Marking
• ISO 6554:1980
Flanged automatic steam traps; Face-to-face dimensions
• ISO 6704:1982
Automatic steam traps; Classification
• ISO 6948:1981
Automatic steam traps; Production and performance characteristic tests
• ISO 7121:1986
Flanged steel ball valves
• ISO 7244:1984
Air distribution and air diffusion; Aerodynamic testing of dampers and valves
• ISO 7259:1988
Predominantly key-operated cast iron gate valves for underground use
• ISO 7368:1989
Hydraulic fluid power; two-port slip-in cartridge valves; cavities
• ISO 7508:1985
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves for pipes under pressure; Basic dimensions; Metric series
• ISO 7714:2000
Agricultural irrigation equipment - Volumetric valves - General requirements and test methods
• ISO 7790:1997
Hydraulic fluid power - Four-port modular stack valves and four-port directional control valves, sizes 02, 03 and 05 - Clamping dimensions
• ISO 7841:1988
Automatic steam traps; determination of steam loss; test methods
• DIN ISO 7967-3:1993
Reciprocating internal combustion engines; vocabulary of components and systems; valves, camshaft drive and actuating mechanisms
• ISO 8233:1988
Thermoplastics valves; torque; test method
• ISO 8242:1989
Polypropylene (PP) valves for pipes under pressure; basic dimensions; metric series
• ISO 8659:1989
Thermoplastics valves; fatigue strength; test method
• ISO 9393-1:2004
Thermoplastics valves for industrial applications - Pressure test methods and requirements - Part 1: General
• ISO 9393-2:1997
Thermoplastics valves - Pressure test methods and requirements - Part 2: Test conditions and basic requirements for PE, PP, PVC-U and PVDF valves
• ISO 9635:1990
Irrigation equipment; hydraulically operated irrigation valves
• ISO 9644:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; pressure losses in irrigation valves; test method
• ISO 9911:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; manually operated small plastics valves
• ISO 9952:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; check valves
• ISO 10418:2003
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Offshore production installations - Basic surface process safety systems
• ISO 10423:2003
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Drilling and production equipment - Wellhead and christmas tree equipment,
• ISO 10497:2004
Testing of valves - Fire type-testing requirements
• ISO 10522:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; direct-acting pressure-regulating valves
• ISO 10631:1994
Metallic butterfly valves for general purposes
• ISO 10931-4:1997
Plastics piping systems for industrial applications - Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) - Part 4: Valves
• ISO 10933:1997
Polyethylene (PE) valves for gas distribution systems
Sources :www.engineeringtoolbox.com
And In that website you can get many information about the piping system and others.
This International Standard are API, DIN, ISO, ASME, ASTM, BS, GB, JB. Most of standards is from USA, Japan, British, Germany. If you confused you can dowload more in http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/
Here the list of the Valve International base on the International Standards,
API - Valve Standards
An overview of the American Petroleum Institute - API - valve standards
Valve standards from API - the American Petroleum Institute:
• API SPEC 6D
Specification for Pipeline Valves. API Specification 6D is an adoption of ISO 14313: 1999, Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries-Pipeline Transportation Systems-Pipeline Valves. This International Standard specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, manufacturing, testing and documentation of ball, check, gate and plug valves for application in pipeline systems.
• API 526
Flanged Steel Pressure Relief Valves. The standard is a purchase specification for flanged steel pressure relief valves. Basic requirements are given for direct spring-loaded pressure relief valves and pilot-operated pressure relief valves as follows: orifice designation and area; valve size and pressure rating, inlet and outlet; materials; pressure-temperature limits; and center-to-face dimensions, inlet and outlet.
• API 527
Seat Tightness of Pressure Relief Valves R(2002). Describes methods of determining the seat tightness of metal- and soft-seated pressure relief valves, including those of conventional, bellows, and pilot-operated designs.
• ANSI/API STD 594
Check Valves: Flanged, Lug, Wafer and Butt-welding. API Standard 594 covers design, material, face-to-face dimensions, pressure-temperature ratings, and examination, inspection, and test requirements for two types of check valves.
• API 598
Valve Inspection and Testing. The standard covers inspection, supplementary examination, and pressure test requirements for both resilient-seated and metal-to-metal seated gate, globe, plug, ball, check, and butterfly valves. Pertains to inspection by the purchaser and to any supplementary examinations the purchaser may require at the valve manufacturer's plant.
• ANSI/API 599
Metal Plug Valves - Flanged, Threaded and Welding Ends. A purchase specification that covers requirements for metal plug valves with flanged or butt-welding ends, and ductile iron plug valves with flanged ends, in sizes NPS 1 through NPS 24, which correspond to nominal pipe sizes in ASME B36.10M. Valve bodies conforming to ASME B16.34 may have flanged end and one butt-welding end. It also covers both lubricated and nonlubricated valves that have two-way coaxial ports, and includes requirements for valves fitted with internal body, plug, or port linings or applied hard facings on the body, body ports, plug, or plug port.
• ANSI/API 600
Bolted Bonnet Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Modified National Adoption of ISO 10434:1998.
• API 602
Compact Steel Gate Valves - Flanged, Threaded, Welding, and Extended-Body Ends. The standard covers threaded-end, socket-welding-end, butt-welding-end, and flanged-end compact carbon steel gate valves in sizes NPS4 and smaller.
• ANSI/API 603
Corrosion-Resistant, Bolted Bonnet Gate Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends. The standard covers corrosion-resistant bolted bonnet gate valves with flanged or butt-weld ends in sizes NPS 1/2 through 24, corresponding to nominal pipe sizes in ASME B36.10M, and Classes 150, 300, and, 600, as specified in ASME B16.34.
• ANSI/API 607
Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter Turn Valves. The standard covers the requirements for testing and evaluating the performance of straightway, soft-seated quarter-turn valves when the valves are exposed to certain fire conditions defined in this standard. The procedures described in this standard apply to all classes and sizes of such valves that are made of materials listed in ASME B16.34.
• API 609
Butterfly Valves: Double Flanged, Lug- and Wafer-Type. The standard covers design, materials, face-to-face dimensions, pressure-temperature ratings, and examination, inspection, and test requirements for gray iron, ductile iron, bronze, steel, nickel-base alloy, or special alloy butterfly valves that provide tight shutoff in the closed position and are suitable for flow regulation.
• API 6FA
Specification for Fire Test for Valves. The standard covers the requirements for testing and evaluating the performance of API Spec 6A and Spec 6D valves when exposed to specifically defined fire conditions.
• API 6FC
Fire Test for Valve with Automatic Backseats. The standard covers the requirements for testing and evaluating the performance of API Spec 6A and Spec 6D valves with automatic backseats when exposed to specifically defined fire conditions.
• API 6RS
Referenced Standards for Committee 6, Standardization of Valves and Wellhead Equipment.
• API 11V6
Design of Continuous Flow Gas Lift Installations Using Injection Pressure Operated Valves. The standard sets guidelines for continuous flow gas lift installation designs using injection pressure operated valves.
• ANSI/API RP 11V7
Recommended Practice for Repair, Testing, and Setting Gas Lift Valves. The standard applies to repair, testing, and setting gas lift valves and reverse flow (check) valves.
• API 520-1
Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refineries: Part I - Sizing and Selection. The recommended practice applies to the sizing and selection of pressure relief devices used in refineries and related industries for equipment that has a maximum allowable working pressure of 15 psig (1.03 bar g or 103 kPa g) or greater.
• API 520-2
Recommended Practice 520: Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refineries-Part II, Installation. The recommended practice covers methods of installation for pressure-relief devices for equipment that has a maximum allowable working pressure of 15 psig (1.03 bar g or 103 kPa g) or greater. It covers gas, vapor, steam, two-phase and incompressible fluid service.
• ANSI/API 574
Inspection Practices for Piping System Components. The standard covers the inspection of piping, tubing, valves (other than control valves) and fittings used in petroleum refineries.
• ANSI/API 576
Inspection of Pressure Relieving Devices. The recommended practice describes the inspection and repair practices for automatic pressure-relieving devices commonly used in the oil and petrochemical industries.
• ANSI/API 608
Metal Ball Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends. The standard covers Class 150 and Class 300 metal ball valves that have either butt-welding or flanged ends and are for use in on-off service.
An overview of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME - valve standards
Common valve standards from American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME:
• ASME A105/105M
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for piping applications
• ASME A181/181M
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for General purpose piping
• ASME A182/182M
Standard Specification for forged or rolled alloy-steel pipe flanges, forged fittings and valves and parts for high-temperature service
• ASME A727/727M
Standard specification for carbon steel forgings for piping components with inherent notch toughness
• ASME A961
Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, valves, and Parts for Piping Applications
• ASME B16.10
Face to Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves
• ASME B16.34
Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
• ASME B462
Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled UNS N08020, UNS N08024, UNS N08026, UNS N08367, and UNS R20033 Alloy Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for Corrosive High-Temperature Service
• ASME B834
Standard Specification for Pressure Consolidated Powder Metallurgy Iron-Nickel- Chromium-Molybdenum (UNS N08367) and Nickel- Chromium Molybdenum Columbium (Nb) (UNS N06625) Alloy Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts
• ASME D5500
Standard Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
• ASME F885
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Bronze Globe Valves NPS 1/4 to 2 El-1996 R(1996)
• ASME F992
Standard Specification for Valve Label Plates El-1997 R(1997)
• ASME F993
Standard Specification for Valve Locking Devices El-1997 R(1997)
• ASME F1020
Standard Specification for Line-Blind Valves for marine Applications El-1996 RI'1996)
• ASME F1098
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Butterfly Valves - NPS 2 to 24 EI-1993 R(1993)
• ASME F1271
Standard Specification for Spill Valves for Use in Marine Tank Liquid Overpressure Protections Applications EI-1995 R (1995)
• ASME F1370
Standard Specification for Pressure Reducing valves for Water Systems, Shipboard
• ASME F1508
Standard Specification for Angle Style, Pressure Relief Valves for Steam, Gas, and Liquid Services
• ASME F1565
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Steam Service
• ASME F1792
Standard Specification for Special Requirements for Valves Used in Gaseous Oxygen Service
• ASME F1793
Standard Specification for Automatic Shut-Off Valves (Also Known as Excess Flow Valves, EFV) for Air or Nitrogen Service
• ASME F1794
Standard Specification for Hand operated, Globe-Style Valves for Gas (Except Oxygen Gas), and Hydraulic Systems
• ASME F1795
Standard specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Air or Nitrogen Systems
• ASME A230
Standard specification for steel wire oil - tempered carbon valve spring quality
• ASME A232
Standard specification for chromium - vanadium alloy steel valve spring quality
• ASME A350
Standard specification for forged or rolled carbon and alloy steel flanges forged fittings and valves and parts for low - temperature service
• ASME A338
Standard specification for ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings
• ASME A694
Standard specification for forgings carbon and alloy steel for pipe flanges fittings valves and parts for high - pressure transmission service
• ASME A404
Standards specification for forged or rolled alloy - steel pipe flanges forged fittings and valves and parts specially heat treated for high temperature service
• ASME A522
Forged or rolled 8% and 9% nickel alloy steel flanges fittings valves and parts for low - temperature service
An overview of ASTM International - American Society for Testing and Materials - valve standards
• ASTM A126-04
Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and Pipe Fittings
• ASTM A182/A182M-04
Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service
• ASTM A338
Standard Specification for Malleable Iron Flanges, Pipe Fittings, and Valve Parts for Railroad, Marine, and Other Heavy Duty Service at Temperatures Up to 650�F (345�C)
• ASTM A522/A522M-01
Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled 8 and 9% Nickel Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Low-Temperature Service
• ASTM A694/A694M-03
Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service
• ASTM A961-04
Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Piping Applications
• ASTM A988/A988M
Standard Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Stainless Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service
• ASTM A989/A989M
Standard Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service
• ASTM B61-2
Standard Specification for Steam or Valve Bronze Castings
• ASTM B763
Standard Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings for Valve Application
• ASTM B834
Standard Specification for Pressure Consolidated Powder Metallurgy Iron-Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum (UNS N08367) and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Columbium (Nb) (UNS N06625) Alloy Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts
• ASTM C1129
Standard Practice for Estimation of Heat Savings by Adding Thermal Insulation to Bare Valves and Flanges
• ASTM F885
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Bronze Globe Valves NPS 1/4 to 2
• ASTM F992
Standard Specification for Valve Label Plates
• ASTM F993
Standard Specification for Valve Locking Devices
• ASTM F1020
Standard Specification for Line-Blind Valves for Marine Applications
• ASTM F1030
Standard Practice for Selection of Valve Operators
• ASTM F1098
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Butterfly Valves-NPS 2 to 24
• ASTM F1271
Standard Specification for Spill Valves for Use in Marine Tank Liquid Overpressure Protections Applications
• ASTM F1370
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Water Systems, Shipboard
• ASTM F1394
Standard Test Method for Determination of Particle Contribution from Gas Distribution System Valves
• ASTM F1565
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Steam Service
• ASTM F1792
Standard Specification for Special Requirements for Valves Used in Gaseous Oxygen Service
• ASTM F1793
Standard Specification for Automatic Shut-Off Valves (Also Known as Excess Flow Valves, EFV) for Air Or Nitrogen Service
• ASTM F1794
Standard Specification for Hand-Operated, Globe-Style Valves for Gas (Except Oxygen Gas), and Hydraulic Systems
• ASTM F1795
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Air or Nitrogen Systems
• ASTM F1802
Standard Test Method for Performance Testing of Excess Flow Valves
• ASTM F1970
Standard Specification for Special Engineered Fittings, Appurtenances or Valves for use in Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) or Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Systems
• ASTM F1985
Standard Specification for Pneumatic-Operated, Globe-Style, Control Valves
• ASTM F2138
Standard Specification for Excess Flow Valves for Natural Gas Service
• ASTM F2215
Standard Specification for Balls, Bearings, Ferrous and Nonferrous for Use in Bearings, Valves, and Bearing Applications
• ASTM F2324
Standard Test Method for Prerinse Spray Valves
An overview of BSi - British Standard institute valve standards
• BS 341-1:1991
Transportable gas container valves. Specification for industrial valves for working pressures up to and including 300 bar (REPLACED by BS EN 14189:2003) , BS 341-3:2002) , BS EN 849:1997) , BS EN ISO 13340:2001) , BS EN ISO 14246:2001) , BS 341-4:2004)
• BS 341-2:1963
Transportable Gas Container Valves. Valves with Taper Stems for Use with Breathing Apparatus. (REPLACED by BS 341-1:1991) , BS EN 849:1997) , BS EN ISO 12209-1:2001) , BS EN ISO 12209-2:2001) , BS EN ISO 12209-3:2001)
• BS 341-3:2002
Transportable gas container valves. Valve outlet connections
• BS 341-4:2004
Transportable gas container valves. Pressure relief devices
• BS 759-1:1984
Valves, gauges and other safety fittings for application to boilers and to piping installations for and in connection with boilers. Specification for valves, mountings and fittings
• BS 1123-1:1990
Safety valves, gauges and fusible plugs for compressed air or inert gas installations - Code of practice for installation
• BS 1212-1:1990
Float operated valves - Specification for piston type float operated valves (copper alloy body) (excluding floats)
• BS 1212-1:1990
Float operated valves - Specification for piston type float operated valves (copper alloy body) (excluding floats)
• BS 1212-3:1990
Float operated valves - Specification for diaphragm type float operated valves (plastics bodied) for cold water services only (excluding floats)
• BS 1212-4:1990
Float operated valves - Specification for compact type float operated valves for WC flushing cisterns (including floats)
• BS 1552:2004
Specification for open bottomed taper plug valves for 1st, 2nd and 3rd family gases up to 200 mbar
• BS 1570:1960
Flanged and but weld-welding end steel plug valves for the petroleum industry (excluding well -head and flow-line valves)
• BS1655:1976
Flanged automatic control valves for the process control industry (face to face dimensions)
• BS 1735:1966
Flanged cast iron outside-screw-and-yoke wedge gate valve, class 125, sizes 1 1/3 in to 24 in, for the petroleum industry
• BS 1868:1975
Specification for steel check valves (flanged and butt-welding ends) for the petroleum, petrochemical and allied industries
• BS 1873:1975
Specification for steel globe and globe stop and check valves (flanged and butt-welding ends) for the petroleum, petrochemical and allied industries
• BS1952:2000
Copper alloy valves for general purposes
• BS1953:2000
Copper alloy check valves for general purposes
• BS1963:1990
Specification for pressure operated relay valves for domestic, commercial and catering gas appliances
• BS 1968:1953
Specification for floats for ball valves (copper)
• BS2060:2000
Copper alloy screw down stop valves for general purposes
• BS2080:1995
Specification for face to face, center to face, end to end and center to end dimensions of valves
• BS 2456:1990
Specification for floats (plastics) for float operated valves for cold water services
• BS 2879:1980
Specification for draining taps (screw-down pattern)
• BS2995:1966
Cast and forged steel wedge gate, globe, check and plug valve, screwed and socket welding, sizes 2 in and smaller, for the petroleum industry
• BS 3457:1973
Specification for materials for water tap and stop valve seat washers
• BS 3464:2000
Cast iron wedge and double disk gate valves for general purposes
• BS3808:1964
Cast and forged steel flanged, screwed and socket welding wedge gate valves (compact design), sizes 2 in and smaller, for the petroleum industry
• BS3948:1965
Cast iron parallel slide valves for general purposes
• BS3952:1965
Cast iron butterfly valves for general purposes
• BS3961:1965
Cast iron screw down stop valves and stop and check valves for general purposes
• BS 4062-1:1982
Valves for hydraulic fluid power systems - Methods for determining pressure differential/flow characteristics
• BS 4062-2:1990
Valves for hydraulic fluid power systems - Methods for determining performance
• BS4090:1966
Cast iron check valves for general purposes
• BS4133:1967
Flanged steel parallel slide valves for general purposes
• BS4312:1968
Flanged steel screw down stop valves and check valves for general purposes
• BS 4460:1969
Steel ball valves for the petroleum industry
• BS 5041:1987
Fire hydrant systems equipment - Specification for landing valves for wet risers
• BS 5146 P1:1984
Steel valves for the petrochemical and allied industries
• BS 5150:1990 - Withdrawn, Superseded
Specification for cast iron gate valves
• BS 5151:1982 - Withdrawn, Superseded
Specification for cast iron gate (parallel slide) valves for general purposes
• BS 5152:1989 - Withdrawn, Superseded
Cast iron globe & globe stop and check valves
• BS 5153:1989 - Withdrawn, Superseded
Cast iron check valves for general purposes
• BS 5154:1991
Specification for copper alloy globe, globe stop and check, check and gate valves
• BS 5155:1992
Specification for butterfly valves
• BS 5156:1990
Specification for diaphragm valves
• BS 5157:1989
Specification for steel gate (parallel slide) valves
• BS 5158:1989
Specification for cast iron plug valves
• BS 5159:1982
Cast iron and carbon steel ball valves for general purposes
• BS 5160:1989
Specification for steel globe valves, globe stop and check valves and lift type check valves
• BS 5163:1991
Specification for predominantly key-operated cast iron gate valves for waterworks purposes
• BS 5351:1990
Steel ball valves for petroleum, petrochemical and allied industries
• BS 5352:1990
Steel wedge gate, globe and check valves 50mm and small
• BS 5353:1989
Specification for steel plug valves
• BS 5417:1976
Testing of general purpose industrial valves
• BS 5418:1984
Specification for marking of general purpose industrial valves
• BS 5672:1991
Specification for designation of the direction of retation and of cylinders and valves in cylinder heads, and definition of right-hand and left-hand in-line engines and locations on engines for reciprocating internal combustion engines
• BS 5793-4:1987
Industrial-process control valves - Specification for inspection and routine testing
• BS 5793-6:1986
Industrial-process control valves - Specification for mounting details for attachment of positioners to control valve actuators
• BS 5834-1:1985
Surface boxes, guards and underground chambers for gas and waterworks purposes - Specification for guards, including foundation units
• BS 5834-2:1983
Surface boxes, guards and underground chambers for gas and waterworks purposes - Specification for small surface boxes
• BS 5834-3:1985
Surface boxes, guards and underground chambers for gas and waterworks purposes - Specification for large surface boxes
• BS 5834-4:1989
Surface boxes, guards and underground chambers for gas and waterworks purposes - Specification for preformed chambers
• BS 5995:1980
Methods of test for electrohydraulic servovalves
• BS 6282-2:1982
Devices with moving parts for the prevention of contamination of water by backflow - Specification for check valves of nominal size up to and including DN 54
• BS 6282-3:1982
Devices with moving parts for the prevention of contamination of water by backflow - Specification for in-line anti-vacuum valves of nominal size up to and including DN 42
• BS 6282-4:1982
Devices with moving parts for the prevention of contamination of water by backflow - Specification for combined check and anti-vacuum valves of nominal size up to and including DN 42
• BS 6283-2:1991
Safety and control devices for use in hot water systems - Specifications for temperature relief valves for pressures from 1 bar to 10 bar
• BS 6283-4:1991
Safety and control devices for use in hot water systems - Specification for drop-tight pressure reducing valves of nominal size up to and including DN 50 for supply pressures up to and including 12 bar
• BS 6494-4:1989
Hydraulic fluid power valve mounting surfaces - Specification for clamping dimensions of four-part, size 03 and 05, modular stack valves and directional control valves
• BS 6675:1986
Specification for servicing valves (copper alloy) for water services
• BS 6683:1985
Guide to installation and use of valves
• BS 6697:1986
Methods of test for electrohydraulic proportional control valves
• BS 6755-2:1987
Testing of valves - Specification for fire type-testing requirements
• BS 6759-1:1995
Safety valves - Part 1. Specification for safety valves for steam and hot water
• BS 6759-2:1997
Safety valves - Part 2. Safety valves for compressed air or inert gas
• BS 6759-3:1995
Safety valves - Part 3. Specification for safety valves for process fluids
• BS 6821:1988
Methods for aerodynamic testing of dampers and valves
• BS 7296-1:1990
Cavities for hydraulic fluid power cartridge valves - specification for two-port slip-in valves
• BS 7350:1990
Specification for double regulating globe valves and flow measurement devices for heating and chilled water systems
• BS 7389-1:1990
Pneumatic fluid power valve mounting surfaces - specification for five-port directional control valves (without electrical motor)
• BS 7438:1991
Specification steel and copper alloy waffer check valves, single disk, spring-loaded type
• BS EN 488:2003
District heating pipes - Preinsulated bonded pipe systems for directly buried hot water networks - Steel valve assembly for steel service pipes, polyurethane thermal insulation and outer casing of polyethylene
• BS EN 558-1:1996
Industrial values face to face and center to face dimensions of metal valves for use in flanged pipe systems. Part 1 PN designated valves
• BS EN 558-2:1996
Industrial valves face to face and center to face dimensions of metal valves for use in flanged piping systems. Part 2 class-designated valves
• BS EN 561:2002
Gas welding equipment - Quick-action coupling with shut-off valves for welding, cutting and allied processes
• BS EN 736-1:1995
Valves - Terminology - Definition of types of valves
• BS EN 736-2:1997
Valves - Terminology - Definition of components of valves
• BS EN 816:1997
Sanitary tapware - Automatic shut-off valves PN 10
• BS EN 917:1997
Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics valves - Test methods for resistance to internal pressure and leaktightness
• BS EN 1092-2:1997
Flanges and their joints - Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN designated - Cast iron flanges
• BS EN 1112:1997
Shower outlets for (PN 10) sanitary tapware
• BS EN 1680:1997
Plastics piping systems - Valves for polyethylene (PE) piping systems - Test method for leaktightness under and after bending applied to the operating mechanism
• BS EN 1704:1997
Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics valves - Test method for the integrity of a valve after temperature cycling under bending
• BS EN 1705:1997
Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics valves - Test method for the integrity of a valve after an external blow
• BS EN 12119:1997
Plastics piping systems - Polyethylene (PE) valves - Test method for resistance to thermal cycling
• BS EN 14141:2003
Valves for natural gas transportation in pipelines - Performance requirements and tests
• BS EN 14189:2003
Transportable gas cylinders. Inspection and maintenance of cylinder valves at time of periodic inspection of gas cylinders. Partially replaces BS 341-1:1991
• BS EN 28233:1992
Thermoplastics valves - Torque - Test method
• BS EN 28659:1992
Thermoplastics valves - Fatigue strength - Test method
• BS EN 60534-1:1989
Industrial-process control valves - Industrial-process control valves - Control valve terminology and general considerations
• BS EN 60534-2-1:1999
Industrial-process control valves - Flow capacity - Flow capacity - Sizing equations for fluid flow under installed conditions
• BS EN 60534-2-3:1998
Industrial-process control valves - Flow capacity - Test procedures
• BS EN 60534-2-5:2003
Industrial-process control valves - Flow capacity - Sizing equations for fluid flow through multistage control valves with interstage recovery
• BS EN 60534-3-1:2000
Industrial-process control valves - Dimensions - Face-to-face dimensions for flanged, two-way, globe-type, straight pattern and centre-to-face dimensions for flanged, two-way, globe-type, angle pattern control valves
• BS EN 60534-3-2:2001
Industrial-process control valves - Dimensions - Face-to-face dimensions for rotary control valves except butterfly valves
• BS EN 60534-3-3:1998
Industrial-process control valves - Dimensions - End-to-end dimensions for buttweld, two-way, globe-type, straight pattern control valves
• BS EN 60534-5:2004
Industrial-process control valves - Marking
• BS EN 60534-6-1:1998
Industrial-process control valves - Mounting details for attachment of positioners to control valves - Positioner mounting on linear actuators
• BS EN 60534-6-2:2001
Industrial-process control valves - Mounting details for attachment of positioners to control valves - Positioner mounting on rotary actuators
• BS EN 60534-8-1:2001
Industrial-process control valves - Noise considerations - Laboratory measurement of noise generated by aerodynamic flow through control valves
• BS EN 60534-8-2:1991
Industrial-process control valves - Noise considerations - Laboratory measurement of noise generated by hydrodynamic flow through control valves
• BS EN 60534-8-3:2000
Industrial-process control valves - Noise considerations - Control valve aerodynamic noise prediction method
• BS EN 60534-8-4:1994
Industrial-process control valves - Noise considerations - Prediction of noise generated by hydrodynamic flow
• BS EN 60730-2-8:2002
Specification for automatic electrical controls for household and similar use - Particular requirements - Particular requirements for electrically operated water valves, including mechanical requirements
• BS EN ISO 5210:1996
Industrial valves - Multi-turn valve actuator attachments
• BS ISO 4401:1996
Hydraulic fluid power - Four-port directional control valves - Mounting surfaces
• BS ISO 6263:1997
Hydraulic fluid power - Compensated flow-control valves - Mounting surfaces
Chinese valve standards compared with the international ISO, ASTM , ASME, ANSI, MSS, API and JIS standards
Chinese Standard Code Num. Chinese Standard Name Adopting Standard
GB12220 General valve -- marking ISO 5209
GB12221 Flanged ends metal valve - face-to-face dimensions ISO 5752
GB12222 Multi-turn valve -- connection of driving device ISO 5210/1 - 3
GB12223 Part-turn valve -- connection of driving device ISO 5211/1 - 3
GB12224 Steel valve - general requirements ANSI B16.34
GB12225 General valve -- copper alloy casting ware technology requirements ASTM B584
GB12226 General valve -- gray casting iron technology requirements ISO 185,BS 1452
GB12228 General valve -- carbon forging steel technology requirements ASTM A 105,A181
GB12229 General valve -- carbon casting steel technology requirements ASTM A703
GB12230 General valve --- Ad casting steel technology requirements ASTM A351
GB12232 General valve -- flanged ends iron gate valve ISO5996-1982,
API 595
GB12233 General valve -- iron gate valve and lift check valve BS5152,5153
GB12234 General valve -- flanged and butt-welding ends copper gate valve API 600
GB12237 General valve -- flanged and butt-welding ends steel ball valve ISO7121, API 607
GB12238 General valve -- flanged and wafer ends butterfly valve BS5155
GB12239 General valve -- diaphragm valve BS5156,NFE29
GB12240 General valve -- iron plug valve API 593
GB12241 Safety valve -- general requirements ISO 4126
GB12242 Safety valve -- characteristic testing solution ANSI/ASME PTC25.3
GB12243 Direct spring loaded safety valve JIS B 8210
GB12244 Pressure reducing valve - general requirements JIS B 8372,B8410
GB12245 Pressure reducing valve - characteristic testing solution JIS B 8372,B8410
GB12246 Pilot operated pressure reducing valve JIS B 8372, DSS405
GB12247 Steam trap valve -- classification ISO 6704
GB12248 Steam trap valve -- technology terms ISO 6552
GB12249 Steam trap valve -- marking ISO 6553
GB12250 Steam trap valve -- face-to-face dimensions ISO 6554
GB12251 Steam trap valve -- testing solution ISO 6948,7841,7842
GB/T13927 General valve -- pressure testing ISO 5208
JB/T6899-93 Valve fire-proof test ISO10497
JB/T7927-95 Valve casting steel ware out-form quality requirements MSS SP55
ZBJ16006-90 Inspection and testing of valve API 598
Chinese standards for steel, cast iron and metal valves
Chinese Standard Code Num. Chinese Standard Name
GB12220 General valve - marking
GB12221 Flanged ends metal valve - face-to-face dimensions
GB12222 Multi-turn valve - connection of driving device
GB12223 Part-turn valve - connection of driving device
GB12224 Steel valve - general requirements
GB12225 General valve - copper alloy casting ware technology requirements
GB12226 General valve - gray casting iron technology requirements
GB12227 General valve - ductile casting iron technology requirements
GB12228 General valve - carbon forging steel technology requirements
GB12229 General valve - carbon casting steel technology requirements
GB12230 General valve - a casting steel technology requirements
GB12232 General valve - flanged ends iron gate valve
GB12233 General valve - iron gate valve and lift check valve
GB12234 General valve - flanged and butt-welding ends copper gate valve
GB12235 General valve - flanged steel stop and lift check valve
GB12236 General valve - steel swing check valve
GB12237 General valve - flanged and butt-welding ends steel ball valve
GB12238 General valve - flanged and wafer ends butterfly valve
GB12239 General valve - diaphragm valve
GB12240 General valve - iron plug valve
GB12241 Safety valve - general requirements
GB12242 Safety valve - characteristic testing solution
GB12243 Direct spring loaded safety valve
GB12244 Pressure reducing valve - general requirements
GB12245 Pressure reducing valve - characteristic testing solution
GB12246 Pilot operated pressure reducing valve
GB12247 Steam trap valve - classification
GB12248 Steam trap valve - technology terms
GB12249 Steam trap valve - marking
GB12250 Steam trap valve - face-to-face dimensions
GB12251 Steam trap valve - testing solution
GB/T13927 General valve - pressure testing
GB/T13932 General valve - iron swing check valve
GB/T15185 Iron and copper ball valve
GB/T15188.1 Valve face-to-face dimensions - butt-welding ends valve
GB/T15188.2 Valve face-to-face dimensions - wafer ends valve
GB/T15188.3 Valve face-to-face dimensions - female screw-down valve
GB/T15188.4 Valve face-to-face dimensions - male screw -down valve
JB93 Handle
JB94 Spanner
JB106 Valve - marking and identifying paint
JB308 Valve - type establishing way
JB/T450 PN16.032.0Mpa forging angle type high-pressure valve, fastener and technology requirements
JB451 Lever type safety valve technology requirements
JB1308 Pg(2500kgf/cm2)valve type and base specification
JB1309 Pg(2500kgf/cm2)valve pipe and fastener technology requirements
JB/T1691 Valve key construction element dimension of stem head
JB1692 Umbrella type hand wheel
JB1693 Plane hand wheel
JB1694 Valve stem nut (1)
JB1695 Valve stem nut (2)
JB1696 Valve stem nut (3)
JB1698 Valve stem nut (5)
JB1699 Valve stem nut (4)
JB1700.1 Locking nut (1)
JB1700.2 Locking nut (2)
JB1701 Valve stem nut (6)
JB1702.1 Bearing gland (1)
JB1702.2 Bearing gland (2)
JB1703 Sleeve liner
JB1706 Pressing sleeve nut
JB1708 Gland
JB1709 T type bolt
JB1712 Asbestos packing
JB1713 Packing seat(1)
JB1716 Packing seat(2)
JB/T1717 Valve construction key element back seat ring dimensions
JB1718 Spacer (1)
JB1719 Spacer (2)
JB1720 Spacer (3)
JB1721 Spacer (4)
JB1726 Valve disc seat
JB1727 Folio circle
JB1728 Stop collar
JB/T1732 Valve construction key element taper sealing face dimensions
JB/T1733 Valve construction key element valve body copper sealing face dimensions
JB/T1734 Valve construction key element wedge disc and valve disc copper sealing face dimensions
JB1735 Foot valve disc sealing ring
JB1736 Swing check valve disc sealing ring
JB1737 Swing check valve disc sealing ring pressing board
JB/T1738 Valve construction key element dimensions of wedge gate valve body slide way and slide way groove
JB/T1739 Valve construction key element dimensions of wedge gate valve body sealing plane clearance and wedge angle
JB/T1740 Valve construction key element dimensions of wedge disc sealing plane
JB1741 Thimble
JB1742 Adjusting ring
JB1747 Packing ring
JB1749 Ammonia valve disc
JB/T1750 Valve construction key element ammonia valve body sealing plane dimensions
JB/T1751-92 Valve construction key element socket welding and fitting pipe head dimension
JB/T1752-92 Valve construction key element male screw ends head dimensions
JB1753-91 Joint ring
JB1754-91 Joint
JB1755-91 Joint nut
JB/T1756-92 Valve construction key element dimensions of bayonet joint ends
JB1757-91 Bayonet
JB1758-91 Bayonet nut
JB1759-91 Bearing ring
JB1760- 91 Six-angle bolt
JB1761-91 Bolt ring
JB/T1762-92 Valve construction key element spanner dimensions
JB2202-77 Direct spring loaded safety valve specification
JB2203-77 Direct spring loaded safety valve face-to-face dimensions
JB2205-77 Reducing valve face-to-face dimensions
JB2206-77 Reducing valve technology requirements
JB2311-78 Ball valve technology requirements
JB2765-81 Valve technology terms
JB2766-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa dimensions of forging high-pressure valve
JB/T2768-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa Pipe, piping fitting, valve head dimensions
JB/T2769-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa screw flange
JB/T2770-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa joint nut
JB/T2771-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa joint
JB/T2772-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa Blind plate
JB/T2773-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa double head bolt
JB/T2774-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa double bolt ends and thread hole dimensions
JB/T2775-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa nut
JB/T2776-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa lens ring
JB/T2777-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa Non-hole lens ring
JB/T2778-92 PN16.0- 32.0Mpa temperature marking of pipe and fastener
JB3328-83 Air jar valve and pipe-line valve
JB3339-83 Little type medical air jar frame type valve connection dimensions
JB5206.1-91 Packing gland (1)
JB5206.2-91 Packing gland (2)
JB5206.3-91 Packing gland (3)
JB5207-91 Packing pressing plate
JB5208-91 Separating circle
JB5209-91 Plastics packing
JB5210-91 Back sealing ring
JB5211-91 Gate valve seat ring
JB/T5296-91 General valve testing way of flow rate coefficient and flow resistant coefficient
JB/T5298-91 Steel plate gate valve for pipe line using
JB/T5299-91 General valve Hydraulic actuator butterfly type check valve
JB/T5300-91 General valve material
JB/T6438-92 Valve sealing face plasma arc welding - technology requirements
JB/T6439-92 Valve pressing casting steel ware - magnetism powder flaw detector inspection
JB/T6440-92 Valve pressing casting steel ware - rax irradiating inspection
JB/T6441-92 Safety valve for compressor purpose
JB/T6495-92 Valve construction key element Gate valve (or disc) T type groove dimensions
JB/T6496-92 Valve construction key element packing dimensions
JB/T6497-92 Valve construction key element stem head dimensions
JB/T6498-92 Valve construction key element disc and stem connection groove dimensions
JB/T6899-93 Valve fire-proof test
JB/T6900-93 Draught valve
JB/T6901-93 Seal type glasses valve
JB/T6902-93 Valve casting steel ware hydraulic penetrating inspection way
JB/T6903-93 Valve forging steel ware super wave inspection way
JB/T6904-93 Inspection and testing of air jar valve
JB/T7248-94 Technology terms of low temperature casting steel for valve purpose
JB/T7744-95 Valve sealing face alloy powder for plasma arc welding
JB/T7745-95 Pipe line ball valve
JB/T7746-95 Diameter-shrinking forging steel valve
JB/T7747-95 Needle type stop valve
JB/T7748-95 Valve clearance degree and inspection way
JB/T7749-95 Technology terms of sub-zero valve
JB/T7927-95 Valve casting steel ware out-form quality requirements
JB/T7928-95 General valve offer requirements
JB/Z243-85 Gate valve static pressure length of life test rules
JB/Z244-85 Stop valve static pressure length of life test rules
JB/Z245-85 Plug valve static pressure length of life test rules
JB/Z246-85 Ball valve static pressure length of life test rules
JB/Z247-85 Valve - electrically device length of life test rules
JB/Z248-85 Butterfly valve static pressure length of life test rules
ZBJ16002-87 Valve electrically driving apparatus technology terms
ZBJ16004-88 Reducing valve type and basing coefficient
ZBJ16006-90 Inspection and testing of valve
ZBJ16007-90 Steam trap valve technology terms
ZBJ16008-90 Hydraulic petroleum gas device urgent shut down valve - technology terms
ZBJ16009-90 Valve pneumatic actuator technology terms
JB/T8473-96 Instrument valve series
JB/T8528-97 General valve electric actuator - technology terms
JB/T8527-97 Metal sealing butterfly valve
JB/T8529-97 Explosion-proof type valve electric actuator - technology terms
JB/T8530-97 Valve electric actuator - type establishing way
JB/T8531-97 Valve manual actuator - technology terms
JB/T8670-97 YBDF2 series explosion-proof three-phase asynchronous generator for valve electric actuator purpose - technology terms
An overview of DIN - Deutsches Institut für Normung - valve standards
valve related standards:
• DIN 475-1
Widths across flats for bolts, screws, valves and fittings
• DIN 475-2
Wrench and socket openings
• DIN 477-1
Gas cylinder valves rated for test pressures up to 300 bar; types, sizes and outlets
• DIN 477-4
Compressed gas cylinder valves; swing check valves for camping-cylinders
• DIN 477-5
Gas cylinder valves - Part 5: For test pressure up to 450 bar max.; Outlet connections
• DIN 477-6
Gas cylinder valves; test pressures 300 bar and 450 bar, with cylindrical thread for valve stem and gas cylinder neck for breathing apparatus; sizes, threads
• DIN 477-9 (Draft standard)
Gas cylinder valves, for highest grade gases; sizes, connections, threads
• DIN 1690-10
Technical delivery conditions for castings of metallic materials; supplementary requirements for steel castings used for heavy-duty valves
• DIN 3202-4
Face-to-face and center-to-face dimensions of valves; Valves with female thread connection
• DIN 3202-5
Face-to-face and center-to-face dimensions of valves; valves for connection with compression couplings
• DIN 3230-3
Technical delivery conditions for valves; Compilation of test methods
• DIN 3230-4
Technical Conditions of Delivery for Valves; Valves for Potable Water Service, Requirements and Testing
• DIN 3230-5
Technical delivery conditions; valves for gas installations and gas pipelines; requirements and testing
• DIN 3230-6
Technical delivery conditions for valves; requirements and methods of test for valves for use with flammable liquids
• DIN 3266-1
Valves for drinking water installations on private premises; PN 10 pipe interrupters, pipe disconnectors, anti-vacuum valves
• DIN 3266-2
Valves for drinking water installations on private premises; PN 10 pipe interrupters, pipe disconnectors, anti-vacuum valves; testing
• DIN 3320-1
Safety valves; safety shut-off valves; definitions, sizing, marking
• DIN 3320-3 (Draft standard)
Safety valves; safety shut-off valves; center for face dimensions of flanged safety valves to PN 40 and to DN 250 inlet
• DIN 3339
Valves; body component materials
• DIN 3352-1
Gate Valves; General Information
• DIN 3352-2
Cast iron gate valves, with metallic seat and inside screw stem
• DIN 3352-3
Cast iron gate valves, with metallic seat and outside screw stem
• DIN 3352-4
Cast iron gate valves with elastomeric obturator seatings and inside screw stem
• DIN 3352-5
Steel gate valves, isomorphs series
• DIN 3352-13
Double-socket cast iron gate valves, with elastomeric obturator seat and inside screw stem
• DIN 3356-1
Globe valves; General data
• DIN 3356-2
Globe valves; Cast iron stop valves
• DIN 3356-3
Globe valves; Unalloyed steel stop valves
• DIN 3356-4
Globe valves; High temperature steel stop valves
• DIN 3356-5
Globe valves; Stainless steel stop valves
• DIN 3357-1
Metal ball valves; general requirements and methods of test
• DIN 3357-2
Full bore steel ball valves
• DIN 3357-3
Reduced bore steel ball valves
• DIN 3357-4
Full bore nonferrous metal ball valves
• DIN 3357-5
Reduced bore nonferrous metal ball valves
• DIN 3381
Safety devices for gas supply installations operating at working pressures up to 100 bar; pressure relief governors and safety shut-off devices
• DIN 3399
Gas low-pressure cut-off valves; safety requirements, testing
• DIN 3441-1
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves; requirements and testing
• DIN 3441-2
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves; ball valves; dimensions
• DIN 3441-3
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves; diaphragm valves; dimensions
• DIN 3441-4
Valves of Rigid PVC (Unplasticized or Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride); Y-valves (Inclined-seat Valves), Dimensions
• DIN 3441-5
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves; PN 6 and PN 10 wafer type butterfly valves; dimensions
• DIN 3441-6
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (UPVC) valves; gate valves with inside screw stem; dimensions
• DIN 3442-1
Polypropylene (PP) valves; requirements and testing
• DIN 3442-2
Fittings of PP (Polypropylene); Ball valves, Dimensions
• DIN 3442-3
Polypropylene (PP) valves; diaphragm valves; dimensions
• DIN 3475
Spheroidal graphite cast iron valves and fittings provided with internal corrosion protection by means of enamelling, for use in drinking water supply systems; requirements and testing
• DIN 3476
Corrosion protection of water valves and pipe fittings by epoxy powder or liquid epoxy resin linings - Requirements and testing
• DIN 3500
PN 10 piston type gate valves for use in drinking water supply systems
• DIN 3502
Stopvalves for drinking water supplies on and in private property; straight pattern globe valves with oblique bonnet, rated for nominal pressure PN 10
• DIN 3512
Stopvalves for domestic water supply - Two-way valves - Vertical bonnet type PN 10; Straight pattern globe valve; Technical rule of the DVGW
• DIN 3535-1
Sealants for gas supplies; elastomeric gasket materials for gas valves in domestic installations; requirements and tests
• DIN 3535-5
Rubber/cork and rubber/cork synthetic fiber based gasket materials for use with gas valves, gas appliances and gas pipe work
• DIN 3535-6
Gaskets for gas supply - Part 6: Gasket materials based on synthetic fibers, graphite or polytetrafluoroethylen (PTFE) for gas valves, gas appliances and gas mains
• DIN 3537-1
Gas stop valves rated for pressures up to 4 bar; requirements and acceptance testing
• DIN 3543-1
Metal tapping valves; requirements, testing
• DIN 3543-2
Metallic tapping stop valves; dimensions
• DIN 3543-3, Publication date:1978-07
PVC tapping valves for plastic pipes; dimensions
• DIN 3543-4
High density polyethylene (HDPE) tapping valves for HDPE pipes; dimensions
• DIN 3544-1
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) valves; tapping valves; requirements and test
• DIN 3852-1
Ports and stud ends with metric fine pitch thread, for use with compression couplings, valves and screw plugs; Dimensions
• DIN 3852-2
Stud ends and tapped holes with pipe thread, for use with compression couplings, valves and screw plugs; Dimensions
• DIN 3852-11
Stud ends and tapped holes for use with compression couplings, valves and screw plugs - Type E stud end dimensions
• DIN 19208
Flow measurement; mating dimensions and application of shut-off valves for differential pressure transducers and differential pressure piping
• DIN 19578-1
Stop valves for site drainage systems; anti-flooding valves for faucal sewage systems; requirements
• DIN 20042
Water valve, nominal pressure 40 - Dimensions and requirements
• DIN EN 28233
Thermoplastics valves; torques; test method (ISO 8233:1988)
• DIN 30677-1
Corrosion protection of buried valves; coating for normal requirement
• DIN 30677-2
External corrosion protection of buried valves; heavy-duty thermoset plastics coatings
• DIN 32509
Hand-operated shut-off valves for welding, cutting and allied processes - Type of construction, safety requirements, tests
• DIN 42560
Transformers; Throttle-valves NW 80, Dimensions, Tightness Testing
• DIN 74279
Air braking systems - Charging valves
• DIN 86251
Shut off valves for shipboard use, of cast iron, with flanges, DN 15 to 500
• DIN 86252
Non return valves for shipboard use, cut off type, of cast iron, with flanges, DN 15 to 500
• DIN 86260
Shut off valves for shipboard use, of gun metal, with flanges, DN 15 to 500
• DIN 86261
Non return valves for shipboard use, cut off type, of gun metal, with flanges, DN 15 to 500
• DIN 86501
Valves, screwed bonnet type of gun metal with 24�-connection with port end W according to DIN 3861
• DIN 86528
Tab washers for screwed bonnet valves
• DIN 86552
Valves, screwed bonnet type of steel with 24�-connection with port end W according to DIN 3861
• DIN 86720
Gate valves flat sided of gun metal with screwed bonnet and flanges, DN 20 to DN 100, PN 16
• DIN 87101, Publication date:2003-10
Non-return flaps (storm valves), self-closing, vertical type, DN 50 up to DN 150, PN 1 - Mating dimensions for flanges according to PN 10
• DIN 87901
Sniffle valves for pumps
• DIN EN 488
District heating pipes - Preinsulated bonded pipe systems for directly buried hot water networks - Steel valve assembly for steel service pipes, polyurethane thermal insulation and outer casing of polyethylene; German version EN 488:2003
• DIN EN 558-1
Face-to-face and center-to-face dimensions of metal industrial valves for use in flanged pipe systems - PN designated valves
• DIN EN 558-2
Face-to-face and center-to-face dimensions of metal industrial valves for use in flanged pipe systems - Class-designated valves
• DIN EN 736-1
Valves - Terminology - Types of valves
• DIN EN 736-2
Valves - Terminology - Part 2: Definition of components of valves
• DIN EN 736-3
Valves - Terminology - Part 3: Definition of terms (includes Amendment A1:2001); English version of DIN EN 736-3:1999 + A1:2001
• DIN EN 917
Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics valves - Test methods for resistance to internal pressure and leak-tightness
• DIN EN 1092-1
Flanges and their joints - Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories - Part 1: Steel flanges, PN designated
• DIN EN 1092-2
Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN designated - Part 2: Cast iron flanges
• DIN EN 1092-4
Flanges and their joints - Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN designated - Part 4: Aluminium alloy flanges
• DIN EN 1680
Plastics piping systems - Valves for polyethylene (PE) piping systems - Test method for leaktightness under and after bending applied to the operating mechanism
• DIN EN 1705
Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics valves - Test method for the integrity of a valve after an external blow; German version EN 1705:1996
• DIN EN 28233
Thermoplastics valves; torques; test method (ISO 8233:1988)
An overview of International Organization for Standardization - ISO - valve standards
valve standards:
• ISO 683-15:1992
Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels; part 15: valve steels for internal combustion engines
• ISO 4126-1:2004
Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure - Part 1: Safety valves
• ISO 4401:1994
Hydraulic fluid power - Four-port directional control valves - Mounting surfaces
• ISO 4411:1986
Hydraulic fluid power; Valves; Determination of pressure differential/flow characteristics
• ISO 4422-4:1997
Pipes and fittings made of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) for water supply - Specifications - Part 4: Valves and ancillary equipment
• ISO 5208:1993
Industrial valves; pressure testing of valves
• ISO 5209:1977
General purpose industrial valves; Marking
• ISO 5210:1991
Industrial valves; multi-turn valve actuator attachments
• ISO 5211:2001
Industrial valves - Part-turn actuator attachment
• SO 5599-1:2001
Pneumatic fluid power - Five-port directional control valves - Part 1: Mounting interface surfaces without electrical connector
• ISO 5599-2:2001
Pneumatic fluid power - Five-port directional control valves - Part 2: Mounting interface surfaces with optional electrical connector
• ISO 5599-3:1990
Pneumatic fluid power; five-port directional control valves; part 3: code system for communication of valve functions
• ISO 5752:1982
Metal valves for use in flanged pipe systems; Face-to-face and center-to-face dimensions
• ISO 5781:2000
Hydraulic fluid power - Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves - Mounting surfaces
• ISO 5996:1984
Cast iron gate valves
• ISO 6002:1992
Bolted bonnet steel gate valves
• ISO 6182-1:2004
Fire protection - Automatic sprinkler systems - Part 1: Requirements and test methods for sprinklers
• ISO 6182-2:1993
Fire protection; automatic sprinkler systems; part 2: requirements and test methods for wet alarm valves, retard chambers and water motor alarms
• ISO 6182-3:1993
Fire protection; automatic sprinkler systems; part 3: requirements and test methods for dry pipe valves
• ISO 6182-4:1993
Fire protection; automatic sprinkler systems; part 4: requirements and test methods for quick-opening devices
• ISO 6182-5:1995
Fire protection - Automatic sprinkler systems - Part 5: Requirements and test methods for deluge valves
• ISO 6263:1997
Hydraulic fluid power - Compensated flow-control valves - Mounting surfaces
• ISO 6264:1998
Hydraulic fluid power - Pressure-relief valves - Mounting surfaces
• ISO 6403:1988
Hydraulic fluid power; valves controlling flow and pressure; test methods
• ISO 6552:1980
Automatic steam traps; Definition of technical terms
• ISO 6553:1980
Automatic steam traps; Marking
• ISO 6554:1980
Flanged automatic steam traps; Face-to-face dimensions
• ISO 6704:1982
Automatic steam traps; Classification
• ISO 6948:1981
Automatic steam traps; Production and performance characteristic tests
• ISO 7121:1986
Flanged steel ball valves
• ISO 7244:1984
Air distribution and air diffusion; Aerodynamic testing of dampers and valves
• ISO 7259:1988
Predominantly key-operated cast iron gate valves for underground use
• ISO 7368:1989
Hydraulic fluid power; two-port slip-in cartridge valves; cavities
• ISO 7508:1985
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves for pipes under pressure; Basic dimensions; Metric series
• ISO 7714:2000
Agricultural irrigation equipment - Volumetric valves - General requirements and test methods
• ISO 7790:1997
Hydraulic fluid power - Four-port modular stack valves and four-port directional control valves, sizes 02, 03 and 05 - Clamping dimensions
• ISO 7841:1988
Automatic steam traps; determination of steam loss; test methods
• DIN ISO 7967-3:1993
Reciprocating internal combustion engines; vocabulary of components and systems; valves, camshaft drive and actuating mechanisms
• ISO 8233:1988
Thermoplastics valves; torque; test method
• ISO 8242:1989
Polypropylene (PP) valves for pipes under pressure; basic dimensions; metric series
• ISO 8659:1989
Thermoplastics valves; fatigue strength; test method
• ISO 9393-1:2004
Thermoplastics valves for industrial applications - Pressure test methods and requirements - Part 1: General
• ISO 9393-2:1997
Thermoplastics valves - Pressure test methods and requirements - Part 2: Test conditions and basic requirements for PE, PP, PVC-U and PVDF valves
• ISO 9635:1990
Irrigation equipment; hydraulically operated irrigation valves
• ISO 9644:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; pressure losses in irrigation valves; test method
• ISO 9911:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; manually operated small plastics valves
• ISO 9952:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; check valves
• ISO 10418:2003
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Offshore production installations - Basic surface process safety systems
• ISO 10423:2003
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Drilling and production equipment - Wellhead and christmas tree equipment,
• ISO 10497:2004
Testing of valves - Fire type-testing requirements
• ISO 10522:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; direct-acting pressure-regulating valves
• ISO 10631:1994
Metallic butterfly valves for general purposes
• ISO 10931-4:1997
Plastics piping systems for industrial applications - Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) - Part 4: Valves
• ISO 10933:1997
Polyethylene (PE) valves for gas distribution systems
Sources :www.engineeringtoolbox.com
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